专八英语阅读

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英语专业八级考试 TEM-8

阅读理解练习册（1）

(英语专业2012级)

UNIT 1

Text A

Every minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家 James Carlton calls a global “conveyor belt”, redistributes ocean organisms生物. It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏 that scientists have barely begun to understand.

Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,

Mass.— explains that, at any given moment, “There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.” These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，的 invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.

Such voracious贪婪的 invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.

In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability— continuously moving around the world…

Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged

排出 in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.

Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on. The continuous shuffling洗牌 of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼 fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters. The maritime nations that created the biological “conveyor belt” should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)

1. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism’s are_______. A. being moved to new environments B. destroying the planet

C. succumbing to the zebra mussel D. developing alien characteristics

2. Oceanographers海洋学家 are concerned because_________. A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited B. they believe the oceans are dying C. they fear an invasion from outer-space D. they have identified thousands of alien webs 3. According

marine

ecologists,

transplanted

marine

species____________.

A. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters B. are all compatible with one another C. can only survive in their home waters D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes

4. The identified cause of the problem is_______. A. the rapidity with which larvae mature B. a common practice of the shipping industry C. a centuries old species

D. the world wide movement of ocean currents

5. The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________. A. is unlikely to be identified B. must precede further research

C. is hypothetically假设地，假想地 easy D. will limit global shipping

Text B

New ‘Endangered’ List Targets Many US Rivers

It is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.

Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧, military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电, loss of wetlands. The list goes on.

Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 2,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害 more than 125,000 miles of rivers. More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化 the Mississippi River ecosystem.

On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织 American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 “endangered” and 20 “threatened” rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.

At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, where

Canadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩 reservoir水库，蓄水池 as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid硫酸 used to extract gold from crushed rock.

“In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to the greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的 and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.” Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the “ New World Mine”.

Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. “ I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池 could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forever,” said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. “It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.” The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…

In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted “dramatically improved water quality since 1972,” when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of rivers

continue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙 and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物 are contaminated污染 in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.

As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道 to slake消除 the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwest…

While there are many political hurdles障碍 ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it “probably the most important environmental legislation this Congress will enact.” (553 words)

6. According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______. A. has been ineffective B. will definitely be renewed C. has never been evaluated D. was enacted some 30 years ago 7. “Endangered” rivers are _________.

A. catalogued annually

B. less polluted than “threatened rivers” C. caused by flooding D. adjacent to large cities

8. The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be __________.

A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的 B. adventitious外加的，偶然的

C. catastrophic D. precarious不稳定的，危险的 9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______. A. ecologically aware of the impact of mining B. determined to construct a safe tailings pond C. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPA D. willing to relocate operations

10. The passage conveys the impression that_______. A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resources B. private and public environmental groups abound C. river banks are eroding

D. the majority of US rivers are in poor condition Text C

A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of

overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.

The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的 maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,

and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically病理上，病理学地 diseased.

The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,

female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.

Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, like

all the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.

The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.

11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________. A. reasons B. description C. examples D. definition

12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.

A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress

B. by removing young rats

C. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosure

D. all of the above are correct

13. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Para. 1?

A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today. B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations. C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.

D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.

14. Which of the following behavior didn’t happen in this experiment?

A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior. B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.

C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior. D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.

15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________. A. dominant males had adequate living space

B. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other rats

C. dominant males attacked weaker rats

D. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions

Text D

The first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规 of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of Black people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判 of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.

The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should

not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people. The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的 explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)

16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660’s?

A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as well as of White servants.

B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving the position of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.

C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants than did many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.

D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants to remain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.

17. With which of the following statements regarding the status of

Black people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660’s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?

A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,

they were often called slaves.

B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higher

legal status than they did after the 1660’s.

C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black people were not legally considered to be slaves.

D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people, like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants. 18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of the

following about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?

A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.

B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inherited

status, one of the attributes of slavery.

C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery. D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racial prejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.

19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception of slavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.

A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these colonies B. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.

C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these colonies

D. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies 20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre and

Tannenbaum for the treatment accorded Black slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________. A. ambitious but misguided B. valid有根据的 but limited C. popular but suspect

D. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的 and controversial

UNIT 2

Text A

The sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruces wore their regal王室的 crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉 of primeval原始的 growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔; while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,

turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条 bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.

The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹 / 踏 of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的 as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.

The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal “tick-tock, tick-tock,” in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处 when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.

The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱, which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的 it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船 was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen预兆 to the bereaved丧亲者; for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向 to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜 could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬 than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.

1. The author describes Orr’s Island in a(n)______way. A. B. C. D. 2. A. B. C. D. 3.

emotionally appealing, imaginative rational, logically precise factually detailed, objective vague, uncertain

According to the passage, the “best room”_____. has its many windows boarded up has had the furniture removed

is used only on formal and ceremonious occasions is the busiest room in the house

From the description of the kitchen we can infer that the house belongs to people who_____.

A. B. C. D. 4. A. B. C. D. 5.

never have guests like modern appliances are probably religious dislike housework

The passage implies that_______. few people attended the funeral fishing is a secure vocation the island is densely populated the house belonged to the deceased

From the description of Zephaniah we can see that

he_________.

A. B. C. D. Text B

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, the

was physically a very big man preferred the lonely life of a sailor always stayed at home was frugal and saved a lot

birth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the

Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Educational changes in Canadian society. B. Canada during the Second World War. C. Population trends in postwar Canada. D. Standards of living in Canada.

7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?

A. In the decade after 1911. B. After 1945.

C. During the depression of the 1930s. D. In 1966. 8.

The

author

suggests

that

Canada

during

the

1950s____________.

A. the urban population decreased rapidly B. fewer people married

C. economic conditions were poor D. the birth rate was very high

9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level? A. 1966. B. 1957. C. 1956. D. 1951.

10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines in

population growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________. A. people being better educated B. people getting married earlier C. better standards of living D. couples buying houses

11. It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution_______________. A. families were larger

B. population statistics were unreliable C. the population grew steadily D. economic conditions were bad Text C

I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的 but still champ焦急 as fast as I was concerned.

Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难 what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏 over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取 at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist

asking directions to Sylvia's, a prominent Harlem restaurant , penetrates my daydreaming. He's carrying a book: Touring Historic Harlem. History. I miss Mr. Michaux’s bookstore, his House of Common Sense, which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large letters: \"World History Book Outlet on 2, 000, 000, 000 Africans and Nonwhite peoples.\" An ugly state office building has swallowed that space.

I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks, who was always on the southwest corner of the 125th and seventh, urging listeners to support Africa. Harlem's powerful political electricity seems unplugged---although the streets are still energized, especially by West African immigrants. Hardworking southern newcomers formed the bulk of the community back in the 1920s and 1930s, when Harlem renaissance artists, writers, and intellectuals gave it a glitter and renown that made it capital of black America. From Harlem, W. E. B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Zora Neal Hurston, and others helped power America's cultural influence. around the world. .

By the 1970s and 1980s drugs and crime had ravaged parts of the community. And the life expectancy for men in Harlem was less than that of men in Bangladesh. Harlem had become a symbol of the dangers of inner-city life.

Now, you want to shout \"Lookin' good!\" at this place that has been

neglected for so long. Crowds push into Harlem USA, a new shopping center on 125th, where a Disney store shares space with HMV Records; the New York Sports Club, and a nine-screen Magic Johnson theater complex. Nearby, a Rite Aid Drugstore also opened. Maybe part of the reason Harlem seems to be undergoing a rebirth is that it is finally getting what most people take for granted.

Harlem is also a part of an \"empowerment zone\"---a federal designation指定 aimed at fostering economic growth that will bring over half a billion in federal, state, and local dollars. Just the shells of once elegant old brownstones now can cost several hundred dollars. Rents are skyrocketing飞涨. An improved economy, tougher law enforcement执行，实施, and community efforts against drugs have contributed to a 60 percent drop in crime since 1993.

12. At the beginning the author seems to indicate that Harlem__________.

A. has remained unchanged all these years B. has undergone drastic changes C. has become a capital of Black America

D. has remained a symbol of dangers of inner-city life

13.When the author recalls Harlem in the old days, he has a feeling of _________.

A. indifference B. discomfort

C. delight D. nostalgia

14. Harlem was called the capital of Black America in the 1920s and 1930s mainly because of its ________. A. art and culture B. immigrant population C. political enthusiasm D. distinctive architecture

15. From the passage we can infer that, generally speaking, the author________.

A. has strong reservations about the changes B. has slight reservations about the changes C. welcomes the changes in Harlem D. is completely opposed to the changes Text D

A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution. In a recent study, Stephen Saunders Webb has presented a formidable艰难的，令人敬畏的 challenge to this view. According to Webb, England

already had a military imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution. He sees Charles II , the English monarch between 1660 and 1685, as the proper successor of the Tudor monarchs君主 of the sixteenth century and of Oliver Cromwell, all of whom were bent on extending centralized executive power over England's possessions through the use of what Webb calls \"garrison government\". Garrison government allowed the colonists a legislative assembly, but real authority, in Webb’s view, belonged to the colonial governor, who was appointed by the king and supported by the \"garrisonhat is, by the local contingent of English troops under the colonial governor' s command.

According to Webb, the purpose of garrison government was to provide military support for a royal policy designed to limit the power of the upper classes in the American colonies. Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a coalition of merchants商人 and nobility贵族 who favored self-rule and sought to elevate抬高 legislative authority at the expense of the executive. It was, according to Webb, the colonial governors who favored the small farmer, opposed the plantation system, and tried through taxation to break up large holdings of land. Backed by the military presence of the garrison驻军, 守备, these governors统治者 tried to prevent the gentry贵族们 and

merchants, allied联合 in the colonial assemblies大会, from transforming colonial America into a capitalistic oligarchy资本主义的寡头政治.

garrison government

TROOPS (colonies) support Limit power

★ Governor Legislative assembly ?? (executive)

Capitalistic oligarchy Favor (self –rule,

↑power)

Small farmers Merchants +nobility (upper classes)

Webb's study illuminates说明 the political alignments阵营，联盟

that existed in the colonies in the century prior to the American Revolution, but his view of the crown's use of the military as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing. England during the seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements. Cromwell did mount增加 England's most ambitious overseas military expedition in more than a century, but it proved to be an utter完全的 failure. Under Charles II, the English army was too small to be a major instrument of government. Not until the war with France in 1697 did William III persuade Parliament to create a professional standing army, and Parliament's price for doing so was to keep the army under tight legislative control. While it may be true that the crown attempted to curtail缩减 the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided significant military support for such a policy.

16. The passage can best be described as a_______.

A. survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint B. reconciliation of opposing points of view C. summary and evaluation of a recent study D. defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections

17. It can be inferred from the passage that Webb would be most

likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding

garrison government ?

A. Garrison government gave legislative assemblies in the colonies

relatively little authority, compared to the authority that it gave the colonial governors.

B. Garrison government proved relatively ineffective until it was used

by Charles II to curb the power of colonial legislatures.

C. Garrison government became a less viable colonial policy as the

English Parliament began to exert tighter legislative control over the English military.

D. Oliver Cromwell was the first English ruler, to make use of

garrison government on a large scale.

18. According to the passage, Webb views Charles II as the \"proper

successor\" (Para. 1) of the Tudor monarchs and Cromwell

because Charles II__________. A. used colonial tax revenues to fund overseas military expeditions B. used the military to extend executive power over the English colonies

C. wished to transform the American colonies into capitalistic oligarchies

D. resisted the English Parliament's efforts to exert control over the military

19. According to Webb’s view of colonial history, which of the

following was (were) true of the merchants and nobility mentioned in Para. 2?

I. They were opposed to policies formulated by Charles II that would

have transformed the colonies into capitalistic oligarchies. II. They were opposed to attempts by the English crown to limit the

power of the legislative assemblies.

III. They were united with small farmers in their-opposition to the

stationing of English troops in the colonies. A. I only B. II only

C. I and II only .

D. I and III only .

20. The author suggests that if William III had wanted to make use of

the standing army mentioned in the last paragraph to administer garrison government in the American colonies, he would have had to________.

A. make peace with France B. abolish the colonial legislative assemblies C. seek approval from the English Parliament

D. appoint colonial governors who were more sympathetic to royal policy

UNIT 3

Text A

How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at least on the beginnings of these. If the common language and the conventions exist, the contributor, for example, the creative artist, the performer, or the reporter, tries to use them as well as he can. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and convention to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he has usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. They may be glad if it is understood and appreciated, hurt if it is not, but while the work is being done there can be no argument. The thing

has to come out as the man himself sees it.

In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, present their argument. Not only as a way of getting these clear, in the process of almost endless testing that active composition involves. But also, whether consciously or not, as a way of putting the experience into a communicable form. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.

In this deep sense, the society is in some ways already present in the act of composition. This is always very difficult to understand,but often, when we have the advantage of looking back at a period,we can see, even if we cannot explain, how this was so. We can see how much even highly original individuals had in common, in their actual work, and in what is called their “structure of feeling”, with other individual workers of the time, and with the society of that time to which they belonged. The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.

1. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by __________.

A. depending on shared conventions B. fashioning their own conventions C. adjusting their personal feelings D. elaborating a common language

2. A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creative work is that________.

A. they care about the possible reaction to their work B. public response is one of the primary concerns C. they are keenly aware of public interest in their work D. they are indifferent toward response to their work

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Individual contributions combined possess great significance to the public.

B. Good contributors don’t neglect the use of internal communication system.

C. Everyone except those original people comes under the influence of society.

D. Knowing how to communicate is universal among human beings. 4. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original individuals feel isolated because they __________.

A. fail to acknowledge and use an acceptable form of communication B. actually differ from other individuals in the same period C. have little in common with the society of the time

D. Refuse to admit parallels between themselves and the society. Text B

Born in 1830 in rural Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson

spent her entire life in the household of her parents. Between 1858 and 1862, it was later discovered, she wrote like a person possessed, often producing a poem a day. It was also during this period that her life was transformed into the myth of Amherst. Withdrawing撤走 more and more, keeping to her room, sometimes even refusing to see visitors who called, she began to dress only in white---a habit that added to her reputation as an eccentric古怪的人. In their determination to read Dickinson’s life in terms of a traditional romantic plot, biographers传记作者 have missed the unique pattern of her life---her struggle to create a female life not yet imagined by the culture in which she lived. Dickinson was not the innocent, lovelorn失恋的,and emotionally fragile girl sentimentalized感伤 by the Dickinson myth and popularized by William Luce's 1976 play, The Belle of Amherst. Her decision to shut the door on Amherst society in the 1850s transformed her house into a kind of magical realm领域 in which she was free to engage her poetic genius. Her seclusion与世隔绝，隔离 was not the result of a failed love affair, but rather a part of a more general pattern of renunciation放弃 through which she, in her quest for self-sovereignty主权, carried on an argument with the Puritan清教徒 fathers, attacking with wit and irony their cheerless Calvinist doctrine加尔文主义教条, their stern patriarchal严厉的男权的 God, and their rigid notions刻板的理念 of \"true womanhood.\"

5. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage? A. To interpret Emily Dickinson’s eccentric behavior. B. To promote the popular myth of Emily Dickinson.. C. To discuss Emily Dickinson’s failed love affair.

D.To describe the religious climate in Emily Dickinson’s time. 6. According to the passage, the period from 1858 to 1862 was for Emily Dickinson a period of great_______. A. tragedy B. sociability

C. productivity D. frivolity

7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as being one of Emily Dickinson’s eccentricities? A. Refusing to eat. B. Wearing only white. C. Avoiding visitors. D. Staying in her room.

8. According to the passage, biographers of Emily Dickinson have traditionally_________. A. criticized most of her poems

B. ignored her innocence and emotional fragility

C. seen her life in romantic terms

D. blamed her parents for restricting her activities

9. Why does the author mention William Luce’s play The Belle of Amherst?

A. To give an example of the sentimentalized Emily Dickinson myth. B. To show how popular Emily Dickinson’s poems have become. C. To show that Emily Dickinson was also an actress.

D. To illustrate the theatrical quality of Emily Dickinson’s poems. 10. The author implies that many people attribute Emily Dickinson’s seclusion to________.

A. Physical illness. B. a failed love affair

C. religious fervor D. her dislike of people Text C

Russia's New Revolution in Conservation When naturalist Sergei Smirenski set out to create Russia's first private nature reserve since the Bolshevik revolution, he knew that the greatest obstacle would be overcoming bureaucratic resistance (官僚阻力) . The Moscow State University professor has charted a steep uphill course through a variety of foes, from local wildlife service officials who covet his funding to government officials who saw more value in

development than conservation. But with incredible dedication, and the support of a wide range of international donors from Japan to the United States, the Murovyovka Nature Park has finally come into being. Founded at a small ceremony last summer, the private reserve covers 11,000 acres of pristine（原始的） wetlands along the banks of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. Here, amid forests and marshes（沼泽） encompassing（围绕，环绕） a variety of microhabitats, nest some of the world’s rarest birds---tall, elegant cranes（鹤） whose numbers are counted in the mere hundreds.

The creation of the park marks a new approach to nature conservation in Russia, one that combines traditional methods of protection with an attempt to adapt to the changing economic and political circumstances of the new Russia.

\"There must be a thousand ways to save a wetland. It is time for vision and risk, and also hard practicality（实践性）,” wrote Jim Harris, deputy director of the International Crane Foundation, a Wisconsin-based organization dedicated to the study and preservation of cranes, which has been a major supporter of the Murovyovka project.

Dr. Smirenski's vision has been eminently（突出地，显著地） down to earth（现实地,务实地,脚踏实地）. At every step, he has tried to involve local officials, businessmen and collective farms in the project, giving them a practical, economic stake（重大利益）？ in its success.

And with international support, he is trying to introduce new methods of organic farming（有机耕作） that will be more compatible （兼容的）with preserving the wetlands.

11. The Murovyovka Nature Reserve came into being because of_____________.

A. Russian government officials B. the International Crane Foundation C. the determination of one man. D. an unrealistic dream

12. If one \"charts a steep uphill course\" (paragraph 2), one______________.

A. expects an arduous（艰难的） journey B. maps out a mountain trip

C. assumes that life will be uneventful D. sets himself a difficult goal

13. The preserved \"pristine wetlands\" mentioned in paragraph 3 are__________.

A. unspoiled B.precious

C. immaculate（洁净的）D. uncontaminated（未被污染的） 14. The passage states that the Nature Reserve is________________. A. an arid（干旱的，荒芜的）, uninhabited area B. the only reserve in Russia

C. home to many different birds

D. economically beneficial to local inhabitants 15.

The

passage

implies

that

the

preservation

wetlands______________.

A. can only be accomplished with traditional methods B. requires imagination, daring and pragmatism C. is usually a popular concern of politicians D. limits an area's development Text D

Discussion of the assimilation（同化） of Puerto Ricans in the United States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether the commentator（评论员） is North American or Puerto Rican. Many North American social scientists,such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpatrick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants（种族的进入者） to occupy the lowest rung（地位） on the social ladder. Such a \"sociodemographic\" （社会人口的）approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultural integration（融合）, in a supposedly egalitarian（平等主义的） context.# However, this approach fails to take

into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors（前辈）, coming from a nation politically subordinated (从属的)to the United States.// Even the \"radical\" critiques（激进的评论） of this mainstream（主流） research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility（流动性，移动性） and are thus unable to illustrate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority（殖民地的少数民族）.

In contrast, the \"colonialist\" approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo SedaBonilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, and LuisNieves-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values.// There is, of course, a strong tradition of cultural accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Rico’s commonwealth status（联邦地位） share the same universalizing orientation（普遍化的方向，目标）. #But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist（文化民族主义者） views, advocating（提倡，拥护） the preservation of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation（征服，） of colonial nationalities.

This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash（冲突） of national culture as an absolute polarity（对立）, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to（使遭受） constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies, forces that may move toward each other in ways that cannot be written off as mere \"assimilation\". Consider, for example, the indigenous（本土的） and Afro Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of coercion（强制，强迫） and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework, play no role in this kind of convergence（集合，汇聚） of racially and ethnically different elements of the same social class.

16. The author’s main purpose is to ________.

A. criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the

assimilation of Puerto Rican in the United States

B. support the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign process

for Puerto Ricans

C. defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes

the preservation of national culture

D. indicate deficiencies in two schools of thought on the assimilation

of Puerto Ricans in the United States

17. According to the passage, cultural accommodation is promoted by_________.

A. Eduardo Seda-Bonilla B. Manuel Maldonado-Denis C. the author of Divided Society

D. many supporters of Puerto Rico’s commonwealth status

18. It can be inferred from the passage that a writer such as Eugenio

Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning members of minority ethnic groups?

A. It is necessary for the members of such groups to adapt to the

culture of the majority

B. The members of such groups generally encounter a culture that is

static and undifferentiated

C. Social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of

members of such groups

D. Social scientists should emphasize the cultural and political aspects

of the experience of members of such groups

19. The author implies that the Puerto Rican writers who have

written most about assimilation do NOT do which of the following?

A. Regard assimilation as benign. B. Resist cultural integration.

C. Describe in detail the process of assimilation

D. Take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that the \"colonialist\" approach is so called because its practitioners _________. A. support Puerto Rico's commonwealth status B. have a strong tradition of cultural accommodation

C. emphasize the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and

North American history

D. regard the political relation of Puerto Rico to the United States as a

significant factor in the experience of Puerto Ricans

UNIT 4

Text A

STAYING HEALTHY UN HOLIDAY

Do people who chose to go on exotic（异国的）, far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel? And even if they pay, who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information? Who, for that matter, should collect that information in the first place? For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease.

Why is travel medicine so unsolved? Partly there’s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges（影响，侵犯） on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria （疟疾，瘴气）and plague（瘟疫）.But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead of in a tropical disease hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy.

Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests---the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections（注射）, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. \"The NHS finds it difficult to define

travelers’ health,” says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. \"Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It's a grey area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role, \" he says.

To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.

A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: \"Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions（干预） are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control. \"Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than 1 million each year just on cholera vaccines（霍乱疫苗） that often don’t work and so give people a false sense of security:\"Information on the prevention and

treatment of all forms of diarrhoea（腹泻） would be a better priority,\" he says.

1. Travel medicine in Britain is________. A. not something anyone wants to run B. the responsibility of the government C. administered by private doctors D. handled adequately by travel agents

2. The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to______.

A. prevent people from falling ill B. make money out of it

C. give advice on specific counties D. get the government to pay for it

3. In Behren's opinion the question of who should run travel medicine_______.

A. is for the government to decide B. should be left to specialist hospitals C. can be left to travel companies D. has no clear and simple answer

4. People will only think better of travel medicine if____. A. it is given more resources by the government

B. more accurate information on its value is available C. the government takes over responsibilities from the NHS D. travelers pay more attention to the advice they get Text B

This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation（义务，职责） to support one’s parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.

That does not mean it hasn’t generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert（，破坏） relations within the family: cynics（嫉世愤俗者，玩世不恭者） dubbed（授予…封号，称之为…） it the “Sue Your So n” law. Those who say that the bill does not promote filial（孝顺的） responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility an y more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to

provide incentives to shore it up.

Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline.

But no amount of government exhortation（训词，劝告） or paternalism（家长制，家长作风） will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some

his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for one’s parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.

The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one’s parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her

In 19, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of

the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency（满足） that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren’t getting relatives’ support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute（贫困的） to apply); or(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as s

The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion（酌情决定权，判断力） to

Those who deride（嘲笑，嘲弄） the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill’s effect would be far more subtle. First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual’s—not society’s—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn’t hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.

Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk（逃避，推卸） their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas（恳求，请求）.

But to be sued by one’s parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, “Sue and be damned”. The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable（友好的，友善的） settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant（反抗的，顽固的） son or daughter knows that the alter

It would be nice to think Singapore doesn’t need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked（引起）

5. The maintenance of Parents Bill ________

A. received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament B. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor.

C. was intended to substitute for traditional values in Singapore. D. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old. 6. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that_______. A. then country will face mounting problems of the old in future B. the social welfare system would be under great pressure, C. young people should be given more moral education D. the old should be provided with mean of livelihood. 7. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law. B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children. C. It is acceptable practice for the old to continue working.

D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old. 8. The author seems to suggest the traditional values_____________ A. play an insignificant role in solving social problems B. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their children C. are very important in preserving Asian uniqueness. D. are significant in helping the Bill get approved.

9. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be ______

A. indirect B. unnoticed C. apparent D. straightforward

10. At the end of the passage, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends upon__________

A. strict enforcement B. public support C. government assurance D. filial awareness Text C

It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity（温柔，女子本性）. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the \"social, legal, and economic subordination\" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of \"the whole female sex into public industry.\" Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.

Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now

seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of \"deadend\" jobs, thenceforth considered \"women’s work.\" The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower

pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

11. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. The effects of the mechanization of women’s work have not borne

out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.

B. Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a

society’s traditional values and the customary roles of its members. C. Mechanization has caused the nature of women’s work to change

since the Industrial Revolution.

D. The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that

did not previously exist.

12. The author mentions all of the following inventions as examples of

dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT the_________. A. sewing machine B. vacuum cleaner

C. typewriter D. telephone

13. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial Revolution, the majority of women’s work was done in which of the following settings?

A. Textile mills. B. Private households. C. Offices, D. Factories.

14. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would

consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women’s work? A. Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy

white-collar positions.

B. Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing

some household tasks.

C. Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a

new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one.

D. Census results showing that working women’s wages and salaries

are, on the average, as high as those of working men.

15. The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of many employers? A. They did not employ women in factories.

B. They tended to employ single rather than married women.

C. They employed women in only those jobs that were related to

women’s traditional household work.

D. They resisted technological innovations that would radically change

women’s roles in the family. Text D

Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South

began

become

self-consciously

and

distinctively

“Southern”---the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britain’s North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of

evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.

What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis describes the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently（无心地，错误地） adds weight to such ascriptions（归因） by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important and undeniable differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives（动机，目的） for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.

However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse（推动力）, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan（大都市的） cultural models----was not only more typically English than the

cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating （同化，吸收）to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.

16. The author is primarily concerned with_________.

A. refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early

American South

B. refuting（反驳，驳斥）a thesis about the distinctiveness（区别性）of the culture of the early American South

C. refuting the two premises that underlie Davis’ discussion of the

culture of the American South in the period before 1815

D. challenging the hypothesis（假设） that early American culture was

homogeneous in nature

17. The passage implies that the attitudes toward Native Americans that prevailed in the Southern colonies_____.

A. were in conflict with the cosmopolitan outlook of the South B. derived from Southerners’ strong interest in the law C. were modeled after those that prevailed in the North

D. differed from those that prevailed in the Puritan colonies

18. According to the author, the depiction（描述） of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the______.

A. fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the

Puritans in the development of American culture

B. fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the

strong religious orientation of the colonists

C. failure to recognize important and undeniable cultural differences

between New Hampshire and Rhode Island on the one hand and the Southern colonies on the other

D. extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural

models for the other American colonies

19. The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency

to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was______.

A. dying out as Puritan influence began to grow B. self-consciously and distinctively Southern C. spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut

D. beginning to spread to Rhode Island and New Hampshire 20. Which of the-following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?

A. Thus, had more attention been paid to the evidence, Davis would

not have been tempted to argue that the culture of the South Diverged greatly from Puritan culture in the seventeenth century.

B. Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems have characterized the

cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

C. Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American

South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.

D. Thus, in contribution of Southern colonials to American culture

was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.

READING COMPREHENSION QUIZ 1

[45 MIN]

SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answer marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one

that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

PASSAGE ONE

With a presidential campaign, health care and the gun control debate in the news these days, one can't help getting sucked into the flame wars that are Internet comment threads. But psychologists say this addictive（上瘾的） form of vitriolic （刻薄的）back and forth should be avoided---or simply censored（审查） by online media outlets-because it actually damages society and mental health.

These days, online comments \"are extraordinarily aggressive, without resolving anything,\" said Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. \"At the end of it you can't possibly feel like anybody heard you. Having a strong emotional experience that doesn't resolve itself in any healthy way can't be a good thing.\" If it's so unsatisfying and unhealthy, why do we do it?

A perfect storm of factors come together to engender the rudeness and aggression seen in the comments' sections of Web pages, Markman said. First, commenters are often virtually anonymous（匿名的）, and thus, unaccountable（不担负责任的） for their rudeness. Second, they are at a distance from the target of their anger-be it the article they're commenting

on or another comment on that article-and people tend to antagonize（敌对，对抗） distant abstractions more easily than living, breathing interlocutors（对话者，谈话者）. Third, it's easier to be nasty in writing than in speech, hence the now somewhat outmoded practice of leaving angry notes (back when people used paper), Markman said.

And because comment-section discourses don't happen in real time, commenters can write lengthy monologues, which tend to entrench（巩固，确立） them in their extreme viewpoint. \"When you're having a conversation in person, who actually gets to deliver a monologue except people in the movies? Even if you get angry, people are talking back and forth and so eventually you have to calm down and listen so you can have a conversation,\" Markman told Life's Little Mysteries, a sister site to LiveScience.

Chiming in on comment threads may even give one a feeling of accomplishment, albeit（虽然，即使） a false one. \"There is so much going on in our lives that it is hard to find time to get out and physically help a cause, which makes 'armchair activism' an enticing proposition（诱人的提议）,\" a blogger at Daily Kos opined in a July 23 article. And finally, Edward Wasserman, Knight Professor in Journalism Ethics at Washington and Lee University, noted another cause of the vitriol: bad examples set by the media. \"Unfortunately, mainstream media have made a fortune teaching people the wrong ways to talk to each other,

offering up Jerry Springer, Crossfire, Bill O'Reilly. People understandably conclude rage is the political vernacular（术语，方言）, that this is how public ideas are talked about,\" Wasserman wrote in an article on his university's website. \"It isn't.\"

Communication, the scholars say, is really about taking someone else's perspective, understanding it, and responding. \"Tone of voice and gesture can have a large influence on your ability to understand what someone is saying,\" Markman said. \"The further away from face-to-face, real-time dialogue you get, the harder it is to communicate.\"

In his opinion, media outlets should cut down on the anger and hatred that have become the norm in reader exchanges. \"It's valuable to allow all sides of an argument to be heard. But it's not valuable for there to be personal attacks, or to have messages with an extremely angry tone. Even someone who is making a legitimate（合理的，正当的） point but with an angry tone is hurting the nature of the argument, because they are promoting people to respond in kind,\" he said. \"If on a website comments are left up that are making personal attacks in the nastiest way, you're sending the message that this is acceptable human behavior.\"

For their part, people should seek out actual human beings to converse with, Markman said-and we should make a point of including a few people in our social circles who think differently from us. \"You'll

develop a healthy respect for people whose opinions differ from your own,\" he said.

Working out solutions to the kinds of hard problems that tend to garner the most comments online requires lengthy discussion and compromise. “The back-and-forth negotiation that goes on in having a conversation with someone you don't agree with is a skill,\" Markman said. And this skill is languishing（渐渐衰落的）, both among members of the public and our leaders.

1. According to Markman, the main problem of online comments lies in their ______

[A] destroying individual's health [B] affecting social security and stability [C] solving no problems

[D] channeling emotional outlets mistakenly

2. According to Markman, one of the causes of people's rudeness and

aggression in online comments is _______. . [A] the intolerance to strong emotional experience [B] the lack of responsibility for their behaviors [C] the strong hatred for opinions they disagree with [D] the response to the harm they have experienced

3. The underlined phrase \"armchair activism\" in Paragraph 6 most

probably refers to_________ [A] offering aid to the disable [B] casual talks in armchairs [C] sitting before a computer [D] participating in online discussion 4. In Wasserman's eyes, the media ______ [A] should change their way of reporting

[B] have to divert their attention from making money [C] appeal to people's taste for rudeness and aggression [D] mislead people into believing rage is nothing bad

PASSAGE TWO

Human beings are bad at making rational decisions and finding happiness. But these hiccups make for good reading, as is clear from the explosion of books on the subject. Joining the fray is \"The Consuming Instinct\" by Gad Saad, which considers human behaviour through a lens of biology and natural selection. He offers reassurance that some of man's odder impulses, from high-stakes gambling to bungee-jumping or wearing stiletto heels, are rooted in evolutionary necessity.

\"Much of what we do as consumers is ultimately related to sex,\" Mr. Saad writes. Men are programmed to hunt for young, attractive and

fertile（能生育的，育龄的） women (and as many as possible), whereas women tend to seek out a lone, socially powerful Mr. Right-the better to raise a family with. This creates different approaches, with women investing in their looks and men in their status. For women, long hair functions as a sign of health and youth, and cosmetics mimic（模仿） cues of sexual arousal. As for high-heels, they hoist（升起，吊起） the derriere（臀部） and make the gait（步法，步态） more feminine and physically attractive. Men who aren't tall, dark and handsome can compensate by wearing high-status clothing (no woman, it is said, can resist a man in surgical scrubs外科手术服 or driving a fancy car. Studies show that men driving a Porsche experience rising testosterone（睾丸素） levels, as it is an act of sexual signalling.

Ideals of sexiness are universal, contrary to arguments that media images are to blame. Most advertisements feature people with perfectly symmetrical（匀称的，对称的） faces, as this is a sign of phenotypic（表型的） quality-or good genes. A deep male voice is inherently attractive, as it indicates greater exposure to pubertal testosterone（睾丸素）and is linked to reproductive fitness. Even in cultures without access to mass media, the optimum waist-to-hip ratio for women is around 0.7, which corresponds most closely to an hourglass shape, and is linked to fertility（生育能力）. In addition, women often send subtle (and subconscious) come---hither cues at the most fertile time of the month.

Mr. Saad has delivered a light round-up of the latest studies in evolutionary behavioural science. But he does not limit his observations to sex-specific characteristics. He also includes notes on how people handle food, family, friendship and social hierarchies（等级，阶级）. Gift-giving between friends, for example, strengthens non-kin bonds as people choose friends who can reciprocate（同等回应，互惠）. And an adaptation called the \"variety effect\" makes it nearly impossible to not overeat at a buffet, as a wider choice of dishes leads to a higher calorie intake-in order to maximize nutrient sources and minimize the toxins（毒素） from a single food source. Parents tend to be more protective of their daughters than their sons because the familial costs of pregnancy are higher. As for concerns over paternity（父权，父系）, fathers instinctively provide the greatest investment in children who look like them, and maternal（母系的） grandmothers (the lone grandparent who has no paternal uncertainty) tend to be the most involved.

Critics may complain that viewing all behavior through a prism（棱镜，棱柱） of natural selection is reductive. But much of the research is convincing. Less credible is Mr. Saad, who has a tendency to drench（充满） his writing with pop-cultural references and enjoys using television shows to emphasize a point. He spends much of the book patiently explaining the evolutionary roots of unsavory desires, such as infidelity（无信仰） and hard-core pornography（色情文学）, but then loses all

tolerance with what he sees as the duplicitous（双重的，两面派的） \"hope peddling\" of religion. Don't get him started on self-help books. Mr. Saad is a zealous（热心的，积极的） advocate of evolutionary psychology, but readers should look elsewhere for serious scholarship.

5. The author uses the example of the best waist-to-hip ratio for women to show that _____

[A] women prefer perfect figure ratio [B] men are rigorous in evaluation of women

[C] the criterion of beauty varies at different time [D] the ratio is decided out of sex

6. According to evolutionary behavioral science, fathers' preferring

children who look like them results in ________ . [A] evolutionary causes [B] personal point of view

[C] wishes to make investments [D] hopes to see another self PASSAGE THREE

Last month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 19 is heading towards retirement. The looming \"demographic cliff' will see vast numbers of skilled workers dispatched from the labour force.

The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 will decrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share in the world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55- will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%.

Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey of human-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: \"When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked out the door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void.\"

Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defense, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline. A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried

to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to work for his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow?

If you 1ook hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list of the best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government.

Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsense industrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees are over 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that - flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth-also coincidentally help

older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends \"a lot of time \" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.

Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a

factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of45. Needs must when the devil drives.

Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its \"experienced\" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence.

But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that \"although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue.\" Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards-this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds.

Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of 1abour. The participation of developing countries in the world

economy has increased the overall supply-whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation. 7. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of

baby-boomers

approaching

retirement

would

________ .

[A] a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies [B] a decrease in the number of 35- to 44-year-olds

[C] a continuous increase in the number of 50- to -year-olds [D] its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing 8. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to

cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPT

[A] making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers [B] using alumni networks to hire retired former employees [C] encouraging former employees to work overseas

[D] granting more convenience in working hours to older workers 9. “The company spends ‘a lot of time’ on the ergonomics of its

factories” (Paragraph 7) means that

[A] the company attaches great importance to the layout ofits

factories

[B] the company improves the working conditions in its factories [C] the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories [D] the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment

10. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to

deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly because __________

[A] they have not been aware of the problem [B] they are reluctant to hire older workers

[C] they are not sure of what they should do [D] they have other options to consider

PASSAGE FOUR

The fox really exasperated（激怒，使恼怒） them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly（狡猾的）. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent（回避） the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no

account of this.

The trees on the wood-edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light-for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls（家禽） were round about-the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance-and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back.

She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound-she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted（畏缩，胆怯）. She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent （鲁莽的，放肆无礼的）jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather, she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind.

She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly

after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously（执着地）. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly（茫然地，心不在焉地）about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither...

As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why.

She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed （不畏惧的）eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle（口鼻）, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous（轻蔑的） and cunning. So she went, with her great startled（受惊吓的） eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees.

11. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT

______.

[A] cunning [B] fierce

[C] defiant（挑衅的，蔑视的） [D] annoying

12. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of_________.

[A] the light [B] the trees

[C] the night [D] the fox

13. Gradually March seems to be in a state of_______. [A] blankness [B] imagination

[C] sadness [D] excitement

14. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense

of________between March and the fox.

[A] detachment（超然） [B] anger

[C] intimacy [D] conflict

SECTION B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

PASSAGE ONE

15. Why do psychologists recommend avoiding back and forth Internet

comment threads wars?

Because they damage society and mental health.

16. According to scholars, what is communication really about? Taking someone else’s perspective, understanding and responding. 17. According to Markman, what is the way to solve hard problems that tend to gather the most comments on line? To have a lengthy discussion and compromise.

PASSAGE TWO

18. According to Mr. Saad, what is man's impulse linked?

19. According to Mr. Saad, what can men who aren't tall, dark and handsome do to be attractive?

To wear high-status clothing or drive a fancy car. PASSAGE THREE

20. What is causing the shortage of expertise in aerospace and defense

besides retirement?

The number of engineering graduates is declining dramatically. 21. How does the automotive industry deal with the shortage of skilled 1abour?

They recruit older workers by adapting their workstations. PASSAGE FOUR

22. What impression does the passage create? Mystery

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