Issue 写作笔记 GRE

Issue写作笔记

★ I agree with the speaker’s broad assertion that…

★ peaceful coexistence of multiple culture

★ And yet, still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope. (让步段的尾句)

紧接着的转折段的首句要承上启下：Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that… Such an idea is seductive, … But upon closer inspection, one realizes that…

★ is not- cannot be- enough to…

★ insofar as conj. : to the extent or degree that

★ By then,…/ By tomorrow,… 到那时，到明天…

★ The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best.

★ AAA holds more lasting significance than BBB.

★ I believe that the studies at micro and macro levels are two essential

components that jointly form recursive learning.

★ Compelling reason 令人信服的原因

★ Upon further reflection it becomes clear that…

★ My point of contention with the speaker involve…, as discussed below.

★ Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker’s claim.

★ I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue.

★ core values upon which any ( democratic ) society depends to thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价值核心

★ While our everyday experience might lend credence to this assertion, .

★ But upon closer inspection, one realizes that…

★ … has a sharp impart on…

★ most if not all = most

★ 动词+介词…, and+介词…

★ … be due in part to…

★ take step to help alleviate social problems

★ Evolving with the development of…

★ 一个很牛的开头： Even the most brilliant thinkers, from Socrates to Satre, live lives in time.（用事实提出题目观点的发展背景：牛人生活在时代中） A childhood, an adolescence, an adulthood; these are common to me and you as well as the greatest writers.（解释事实，进一步连接题目“common\"） Furthermore, many of the great thinkers we esteem in our Western culture lived somewhat unevetful lives.（再深入，将事实泛化为普遍情况，从而提供大背景） What distinguished their life from say a common laborer was their work. Therefore, what provided the grist for their work?（间接提问引出观点：grist of work） One might say that they were brilliant and this alone was sufficient to distinguish their lives from the masses.(提出一种回答，他人观点，用以做完善的底子) Intellect alone can not devise situations or thoughts from no where; there must be a basis and that basis is most common, if not always, observation of the common, of the quotidian.（批驳他人观点进而进行完善，引向自己的观点basis） Critics of this idea may argue that these thinkers were products of fine educations and were well schooled in the classics. This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge.（再提出一个他人观点，将话题进一步引向自己观点） I would agrue （主题句先行词，阐明观点） that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature. Where best to study human nature than in the day to day routine each one of us

can witness in him or herself or those around us.

★ strengths and shortcomings 优点和缺点

★ The librarians in our town’s school system have reported that the number of trips that our students make to their school library on a voluntary basis has decreased significantly in recent years. (考虑是否每一个动宾短语都能这样改写成一个定语从句？)

★ Crux 结症所在 nature本质

★ …, but otherwise… 但在其他方面…

★ The truth is quite otherwise. 事实真相与此大相径庭。

★ Our struggle can not be otherwise than victorious. 我们的斗争一定会胜利的。

★ …we humans…

★ insatiable appetite for knowledge 对知识的无尽渴望

★ reach a (fully informed) consensus as to… 对于…达成共识

★ To the contrary, …

★ While we must…, at the same time we should be circumspect about… 虽然我们必须…但同时我们也要对…慎而行之。

★ receive accolades from… 受到…的推崇

★ future generation 后代; personal value system 个人价值体系

★ Speculative 不确定

★ One apt illustration of this point involves the… 能证明这一点的一个很恰当的例子就是…

★ As a species, we homo sapiens (人类;现代人) are…

★ 主+谓+宾, +定语从句 (换成，后直接加原从句中所要表达的动词的非谓语形式)

★ Initiative 计划

★ Reagan administration 里根政府

★ In retrospect,… 现在看来…

★ Ill-conceived 失策的

★ Few 少数人 some,many 一些人 前面都不用加冠词

★ I recommend this seminar because it is likely a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that…

★ … will always be needed to…

★ Exorbitant amount of + [UN]

★ …could have gone a long way toward + doing…

★ As it turns out, … 正如后来事实所证明的那样…

★ Debacle 失败 (很好的一个词) Unprecedented 前所未有的

★ no amount of … can … 再多的…也不能…

★ … is up to… 这有赖于…

★ Mitigate = solve

★ And, so-called advance that research has brought about often amount to net losses for humanity. 研究所带来的所谓的进步往往等同于人类的纯损失。

★ Squandering resources 浪费资源

★ In the final analysis,… 归根到底

★ … to relieve the immediate suffering of our dispirited, disadvantaged, and disenfranchised members of our society. 减轻那些消沉沮丧的，贫穷而低位地下的，得不到平等权利的社会弱势群体所正在遭受的痛苦。

★ Strike a balance in… 在…方面做到一种平衡。

★ Dates back to… 追溯到

★ Unjustifiable 不合理的 Trustworthy 值得信赖的

★ It might be temping to 很容易 (agree with/ think that…) the speaker on the basis that…

★ Indisputable 无可怀疑的 when it comes to… 当说到…的时候

★ it is entirely appropriate to…

★ Pressing social problems

★ Any informed person who believes otherwise is (envisioning) … 任何一个有知识的人，若认为情况并非如此的话，那么他就是在设想…

★ … is neither an appropriate nor a necessary function (当然和必然的职责) of government.

★ A handful of bureaucrats 少数官僚

★ Might be susceptible to +影响因素 可能会受到…的影响

★ Government funding requires tax dollars from our pockets—leaving us with less disposable dollars with which to support the arts directly and more efficiently than any bureaucracy ever could.

★ …spark a boon for… …为…增添了活力

★ Art serves to lift the human spirit and to put us more in touch with our feelings, foibles, and fate—in short, with our own humanity. 艺术可用来提升人们的精神境界，使我们更贴近自己的感觉，弱点和命运，也就是更贴近自己的本性。

★ More other-oriented, less self-centered, more giving of ourselves.

★ Public resources allocated to the arts create jobs for artists and others whose livelihood depends on a vibrant, rich culture—just the sort of culture that breeds charitable concern for the hungry, the helpless, and the hapless.

★ There is no justification for… …是毫无道理的

★ Make extraordinary efforts

★ The statement raises a variety of issues about…

★ On balance (总的来说)，however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that…

★ As I see it, ….

★ n.+ has to do (与…有关) + n.

★ To the extent that… 在这种程度上来看

★ Affirmative measures 积极的措施

★ Instead (相反), the argument goes (这一论据认为), if we are…, + 动词…，and +动词，then we are… 排比

★ be morally obligated to… 在道义上就有责任去…

★ intricate matrix of interdependent relationships

★ 结果 as the result of 原因

is the result of

results from

indicate

★ anthropogenic factors 人为的原因

★ In any event,…. 无论如何

★ By what standard, then, should we decide… 那么，我们该用何种标准来决定…

★ In my observation,… 依我看…

★ Like = favor

★ What makes more sense is to… 更为合理的是…

★ In other words, these children begin to recognize that their identity inextricably involves their kinship with certain peers and alienation from others. 换而言之，这些孩子开始意识到他们身份的确认都不可必免得涉及他们和某些同龄人的亲密关系以及和其他人的疏远关系。

★ (Subjective / Objective) + (judgments / estimation / evaluation)

★ A should take precedence over B A因比B优先考虑

★ I take exception with the claim when it comes to… 但当论及…我却对这一主张持有异议。

★ Practicality seems clearly to be the litmus test (试金石) for education today.

★ The content of today’s feature films & music is driven entirely by demographic considerations — that is, by pandering to the interests of 18-35 year olds, who account for most ticket and CD sales.

★ The glut (充斥) of …

★ It isn’t that… . It’s just that… . 这并不是… 这只是…

★ In the main, … 从大体上来看

★ record labels; filmmakers; publishing houses; real-estate developers; entertainment moguls; publishing executives

★ They are concerned with (关心) practicality and profit, and not with artistic value and integrity. (别总用 rather than了)

★ overriding 最重要的

★ sense of mission & obligation 使命感和责任感

★ The plain fact is that such idealists are far fewer in number today.

★ The claim amounts to an overstatement when it comes to… 当谈到…时这种说法就显得不合实际了。

★ Endeavor [C] 工作 circumscribe v.限制 render v.产生 viewpoint 观点 peccadillo 小过失 the public at large be motivated by… 受…的驱使 cynosure [C] 关注的焦点

★ Demonstrating a mastery of innuendo, he issued several…

★ School, later university and then work (共同做主语) teach us to regulate our lives, imposing a continuous process of restrictions, which is increasing exponentially with the advancement of technology.

★ Sophisticated means of 高级的手段

★ Insofar as 就…来说

★ acumen and savvy 才干和见识

★ …have become inured to… 以对…习以为常了

★ The struggle of the generations is one of the obvious constants of human affairs; therefore, it may be presumptuous to suggest that the rivalry between young and old in Western society during the current decade is uniquely critical.

★ … in turn… 进而…

★ 用词多变的典范，在Issue 10中作者用了如下一些词来表示资助这一概念：patronage support assist subsidize 又用moguls magnate来表示大人物这一概念

★ Finally, and perhaps most importantly, … = Last but not least

★ … has little to do anymore with… / serve as…

★ 一些要记住的写法：Renaissance Michelangelo Raphael Carnegie Mellon Rockefeller Getty Bill Gates Ted Turner Chenghis Khan President Nixon Watergate cover-up Teddy Roosevelt

★ In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically justify assisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or persevering he nation’s cultural traditions, nor is government assistance necessary toward these end.

★ … act as a catalyst on + Ving.

★ Although …, in reality…

★ Whereas… (鉴于，但是，相反)

★ It has long been known that…

★ 一些有用的单词和短语: inherent nature of… 固有本质

well-intended 善意的; undue 过度的; sanction 批准,认可

philosophical underpinnings of… 哲学理论根基； pander to 迎合

personal foibles and character flaw 私人弱点和性格缺陷 forthrightness 坦诚； citizenry 全体公民 society as a whole appealing 吸引人的 myriad 许多的

★ One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that…

★ Another reason why I agree with the speaker is that…

★ Thus, I think this view is realistic. 因此，我认为这个观点还是很现实的。

★ While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. 虽然这样的情形是罕见的，但是有时确实会发生。

★ sever no useful purpose 没有帮助

★ History informs us that…

★ Contemporary technology makes available many small… As a result , people have become so preoccupied with (全神贯注于) bits of fragmented information that they… and overall perspectives. (全局)

★ Any developmental psychologist would agree that socialization (社会交往) with other children plays a critical role in any child’s …

★ 一些很有用的副词和形容词：generally merely ostensibly (表面上地) Accordingly,… largely at bottom (归根到底) invariably = always frivolous (轻率的) assorted (各种各样的) indelible (不可磨灭的，擦不掉的) relatively albeit (conj.) unintelligible (不可理解的) inherently (自然地，本质上地) seemingly (就我们所知而言，表面上)

★ Share in common with…

★ Admittedly, there will always be loners who prefer not to belong, for whatever reasons; yet loners are the exception.

★ …; the former, unlike the latter, is…

★ I admit the feeling of loneliness increases in the modern society, while technology is not the major fact of that, instead of this, technology of communication actually help us connecting each other.

★ conscious choice (理智的选择) overreaching argument seek to (试图去…) gloss over (掩饰) laws of nature (自然法则) public figures (公众形象) maximize profits (利益最大化) the vast majority of people stem from (源于) class struggle (阶级斗争) critical-thinking skills (批判思维技巧) (physically) challenged (身体上)有缺陷的 malnourished people in the third-world countries highly-publicized (影响力非常大的)

★ No one individual can possibly + do…

★ wholistic compartmentalization

★ Issues of classroom control and development of scholarly talents are at stake(得失攸关), not simply a debate over which books are acceptable or over revisionist histories. 可以用于第一段来深化主题

★ GRE中of 的三种用法：1. 表从属关系 2. 表动宾关系 (direct flouting of a generally accepted system 对于已经被接受了的系统的蔑视) 3. of + n. = a. ( He is of ability)

★ …, and, quite possibly,…

★ … nearly always serves to… (几乎总会)

★ (But) In my observation these are exceptional cases to the general rule that… (讲一般的情况)

★ For batter or worse,…

★ … has to do with… 与…有关

★ Moreover, our corporate culture (公司文化) has sanctioned this objective by codifying it as a fiduciary obligation of any corporate executive. (把…作为…认可了)

★ One need look no further than the newspaper, TV,…

Few of us take the pains to (费心去做) study our cherished convictions; indeed, we almost have a natural repugnance (反感，厌恶) to doing so.

aptitude for (适当)

★ an occasionally interrupted but generally continual progress

★ Well, if somebody tells you that he will help you earn a gazillion dollars a year, that looks big, but be realistic, what are the chances of that happening. But if he tells you that it will help you earn 2 to 3 thousand dollars a year. That’s not too big, but you know that is in the realm of possibility. So…

★ a gazillion dollars a year.

★ It would seem that absolute qualities in art elude us , that we cannot escape viewing works of art in a context of time and circumstance.

★ Human reaction to the realm of thought is often as strong as that to sensible presences; our higher moral life is based on the fact that material sensations actually present may have a weaker influence on our action than do ideas of remote facts.

★ Students of the Great Crash of 1929 have never understood why even the most informed observers did not recognize and heed the prior economic danger signals that in retrospect seem so apparent.

★ A will correlate well with B A可以很好的反映B

★ be commensurate with 相称的；合适的

★ The opportunity for vindication is little consolation in a society that seems

to thrive, and even feed, on watching heroes being knocked off their pedestals. (基座) 在一个渴望看到英雄被打倒的社会里，洗清名誉的机会就不过是小小的心理安慰了。

★ In doing so,… 因此…

★ It comes as no surprise that societies have codes of behavior; the character of the codes, on the other hand, can often be unexpected. 毫无疑问每个社会都会有行为准则，而另一方面，各种准则的特点又往往是出乎意料的。

★ oscillated between A and B

★ There seem to be…

★ minimizing costs and expenses

★ … lead to widespread unemployment and endanger the social stability.

★ … must be determined on a case-by-case basis (就事论事), by weighing…

★ …, thereby jeopardizing my job, … 从而对我的工作造成损失

★ Considered apart from…, … 不考虑…

★ What if…？ 如果…又会怎样呢？

★ Clearly, determining the worthiness of such goals requires that we confront

moral dilemmas, which we each individually — based on our own conscience, value system, and notions of fairness and equity. 显而易见，决定这样目标的值不值得就需要我们面对道德上的两难境地，我们每个人根据自己的良知，价值观以及对公平和平等的理解，都要独自解决。

★ at the expense of… 以…为代价

★ Any thoughtful person would agree that…

★ running the risk of economic paralysis 冒着经济瘫痪的危险

★ Both issues underscore the fact that… 这两个问题都强调了一个事实

★ Thus, the speaker overstates the comparative significance of …

★ For the purpose of…, I agree that…

★ 一些常用的词： journalist put in a time capsule (载入史册) for the purpose of = in order to be central to… (对…重要) contractual agreement (契约协议) establishment of a trust (创建的条款) incorporation (合并) demystify (阐明) overall standard of living and comfort level (总体生活水平和舒适程度) notwithstanding assembly-line manufacturing (流水线生产) a plethora of…(过剩，大量的) byproduct breed (导致，引起) spring from spawn (促成)

★ The growing documentary role of video is not limited to seminal events like

those described above. 摄像在记录中日益重要的地位不仅限于在像上面描述的重大事件中。

★ Thus, they can play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings (法律程序) — such as those involving ( = for example) robbery, drug trafficking, police misconduct, motor vehicle violations, and even malpractice in a hospital operating room.

★ Video is not practically useful = Video is no practical use in…

★ as accurately or objectively as

★ Legal matters are best left to (付诸) written documentation

★ Indeed, to the extent that (一定意义上，介于)…, + 完整句子

★ …, at least to some extent, … 至少在某种程度上

★ Humanity is the beneficiary of the myriad of innovations in…

★ sever (primarily) as + n.

to + v.

★ fly in the face of… 完全无视

★ The advent of… …的出现

★ More recently, computers have helped free up our time by performing repetitive tasks; have aided in the design of safer and more attractive bridges, buildings, and vehicles; and have made possible universal access to information. 近来计算机已经可以通过演算执行重复性的工作来帮助我们节省时间；帮助我们设计更安全，更美观的桥梁，建筑和车辆；并使我们可以全面获取信息。

★ …steals our attention away from family, community, and coworkers.

★ …, which no innovation short of genetic engineering can alter.

★ Our overall quality life depends largely on…

★ While … may have …, on balance,… …但总的来说…

★ With automation came a loss of pride in and alienation from one’s work. In this sense,… 随自动化而出现的是人们不再将自己的工作引以为傲，同时导致了工人与工作的疏离。在这个意义上…

★ adversely (不利地) information overload yield to (屈服于) political realm

★ Perhaps most important, however, information technology makes possible universal access to information, thereby providing a democratizing influence on our culture. 但或许最为重要的是，数字技术使得全面的获得信息成为可能，并由此对

我们的文化施加一种民主化的影响。

★ The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world. 主宾倒置

★ Consider, for example,…

★ The increasing focus on image is also evident in…

★ I find the quite telling the fact that… = I find the fact that…

★ And the increasing importance of image is especially evident in the music industry, where originality, artistic interpretation, and technical proficiency have yielded almost entirely to sex appeal. 而且，形象日益重要的现象在音乐届表现得尤为明显，原创性，艺术演绎和技巧娴熟几乎已经全部都屈服于性的魅力。

★ by its very nature 在本质上

★ emphasize… above…

★ …, for fear that…

★ It was television that elected J.EK. over Nixon. 强调句

★ Yet since the invention of camera presidential politicians have become increasingly concerned about their image. / With the advent of television, image

became even more central in presidential politics. 经典的同意改写

★ Query whether Presidents Lincoln, Taft, or even ED.R would be elected today if pitted against the handsome leading man Reagan, or the suave and politically correct Clinton. After all, Lincoln was homely Taft was obese, and ED.R was crippled. 现在，如果同潇洒的领导人里根或文雅且政治上正确的克林顿竞争，不知道林肯，塔夫脱，甚至是弗兰克林.罗斯福是否会当选。毕竟，林肯相貌平平，塔夫脱身材肥胖，而罗斯福是一个痞子。

★ In the long term, however, the significance of image wanes considerably.

★ The image of A ultimately gave way to (屈服于，让步，重要性下降，被取代) the truth about the health hazards of (冒危险) cigarette smoking. 主宾倒置

★ History has a knack (窍门，能力) for peeling away image to focus on real accomplishments. 历史有剔除形象，注重真实成绩的本领

★ And as our lives become busier, our attention spans briefer, and our choices among products and services greater, I expect this trend to continue unabated – for better or worse. 由于我们的生活越来越忙碌，我们集中注意力的时间更少了，我们在产品和服务间的选择更多了，无论是好是坏，我都预料这种趋势将永不衰退。

★ …, in attempting to…, successfully…

★ In most academic disciplines it is by cultivating intellect rather than that

students master their discipline and, in turn, gain a capacity to contribute to the well-being of society. 强调句

★ Ideas & inspiration spring not from A but from B

★ The true measure of … lies not in A but rather in B

★ …; that is,… 也就是说

★ Cognitive ability & the expression of one’s feeling and emotions 认知能力和情感表达

★ Aside from its utility in the arts, however, the exploration of emotions has little place in (无足轻重) educational systems 然而，除了…

★ Political science 政治学 invite 有时也可表示“导致”

★ A, B, C, each of which is…

★ fairness, equity, and justice 公正，平等，正义

★ … have little to do with…, and everything to do with… 与…鲜有关系，而对…很有关系

★ such phenomena as…

★ When it comes to certain aspects of…, and to…

★ no measure of… 再强烈的

★ On a individual level, we all engage in the futile attempts to alter fact — by pretending that… 我们试图改变事实的努力都是徒劳的

★ Nor can we alter facts by virtue of our inclinations or passions when it comes to history. 在历史方面，我们同样不能依自己的喜好或是热情来改变事实。

★ empirical scientific evidence and the laws and principles of the physical world. 由实验得出的科学证据以及物质世界的法规和原则

★ respond/address to certain basic human needs 迎合/满足了人们一定的基本需要

★ Absent = without 用法一样

★ people’s enduring fascination with

★ without artificiality 自然的

★ …, all of which…

★ The commissions criticized the legislature for making college attendance dependent on the ability of pay, charging that, as a result, hundreds of qualified

young people would be deprived of further education.

★ Surrogate [C] 替代品n. ；代理的，代用的a.

★ Might/would later be …

★ 两个避开使用定语从句的例子：

1. This final essay, its prevailing kindliness marred by occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks (显示，表示) the dichotomous character (双重特征) of the author. 插入语内避开使用非限

2. A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served (起作用的) when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a credible threat. 用非谓语动词避开使用定语从句

★ Rather than enhancing a country’s security, the successful development of nuclear weapons could serve at first to increase the country’s vulnerability.

★ Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960’s portrayed him as a doctrinaire thinker, eager (a.) to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. 有待研究

★ After a slow sales start early in the year, mobile homes have been gaining favor (越来越受欢迎) as an alternative to increasingly expensive conventional housing.

★ Even though in today’s Soviet Union the leaders of the Muslim clergy have been accorded power & privileges, the Muslim laity (俗人，外行人) & the rank-and-file (民众，普通成员) clergy still have little latitude (言论自由) to practice their religion

★ New research on technology and public policy focuses on how seemingly insignificant design features, generally overlooked in most analyses of public works projects or industrial machinery, actually mask (作为design features的谓语) social choices of profound significance. 长难句

★ The acme of perfection 尽善尽美

★ transition = change remarkably = very

★ Ascribe … to… 把…归因于…

★ Irrespective of = regardless of

★ unwittingly 无意之中

★ In order to (attract) good health or to ward disease

★ Consistently = always

★ Idiosyncratic visions of (更具特性的洞察力) …

★ Turning first to…,… / Turning next to…

★ Transcend the human condition 超越人类环境

★ an overriding concern for… 高于一切的关注

★ … mirrored the attitudes& ideas of the prevailing culture to a far greater extent than today’s art. …反映出来的主流文化的态度和理念似乎要远比当今艺术所反映的程度更深。

★ When theories formerly considered to be disinterested in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational & evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives away to (屈服，让步于，被取代) the recognition that categories of knowledge are human constructions.

★ Principal & interest 本金和利息

★ (Report) be with reference to… 于… 有关

★ Statesman 政治家(褒义)

★ …, though (also) desirable,… 作插入语

★ Affection is reciprocal & minds are harmonious in many happy marriage

★ rudimentary 基本的

★ Although Mount Saint Helens has been more explosive during the last 4500 years than any other volcano in the conterminous United States, its long dormancy before its recent eruption belied (给人错觉，掩饰) it violent nature. 复杂的逻辑

★ Liberty is not easy, but far better to be an unfettered fox, hungry & threatened on its hill, than a well-fed canary, safe & secure in its cage.

★ In all realms of human endeavor 在人类所有努力的领域

★ Very a. 正，就是

★ As adolescents we discover our social niche (小环境), and develop self confidence & assertiveness, only by way of the sorts of awkward social encounter (各种各样的社会挫折) that are part-and-parcel (主要的部分) of adolescence.

★ Through failed relationships not only do we discover who we are and are not compatible with, we also discover ourselves in the process.

★ withstand rigorous scientific scrutiny 经受严格的科学审查

★ in the sense that 从某种意义上来说

★ come about through… 经历了…

★ In the fields of civil and criminal law 在民法和刑法方面

★ Ongoing 持续不断的

★ Octogenarian Nobel laureate AAA…

★ In failing to see that… rather than actually…, AAA…

★ The legislation catered to various special interest groups. 立法兼顾了各种群体的利益

★ Inherent in = about 有关，关于

★ S + V + O, a. + ( to/of/…) 等介词 此处几乎可以使用任何形容词，如 more, eager…

★ Therein lies the value of each. 只有这样他们才各得其所

★ set about to 目的在于…

★ In many cases…

★ Despite the sharp contrast in the techniques employed by these two schools, in both genres we find soothing, genteel, pastoral themes and images — certainly nothing to upset the viewer. 暂且不论这两个派别所采用的差别迥然的绘画技巧，我们在每个流派中都可以发现令人宽慰的，上流社会的田园牧歌式的主体和画面 — 显然，没有任何颠覆视者的东西。

★ approach A as B 将A作为B; focuse on 着重于; can be

carry

★ 不要总是用of 用about 和 involving 去代

★ the final objective 最终目的

★ Sometimes + 句子，and other times + 句子

★ mysterious & perplexing world 神秘而复杂的世界

★ be relative to…

★ traits 特征

★ … determined at birth 与生俱来

★ be predicated on… 以…为基础

★ AAA serves in some cases to reassure and in other cases to upset. A在某些情况下使人安心，而在另外一些情况下，则有颠覆的作用。

★ … can be beneficial in… …对…有利

★ …has remained constant over recorded time. 自从有记录以来就一直保持至

今。

★ Through this realization we can benefit as a society in dealing more effectively with our enduring social problem. 通过这种认识，作为社会整体，我们在有效处理我们长期以来的社会问题上会获益匪浅。

★ Humans by nature + 动词的复数形式

★ Our major social ills are here to stay, because they spring from human nature. 我们主要的社会弊病会存在下去，因为它们源自人类的本性

★ Punishments have been tried with only partial success.

★ Today, the trend appears to be away from…, to…

★ However beneficial it might be to…, it is equally beneficial to…

★ …, albeit uneasily, … 尽管并不容易

★ clashes between established traditions & more enlightened viewpoints 已经确立起来的传统和更具启迪性的观点的碰撞

★ It undervalues other, equally important benefits of…

★ A heightened + n. (awareness) 高度的理解

★ And, learning about one’s cultural heritage (文化遗产), or roots, fosters a healthy sense of self and cultivate…

★ Otherwise, in my view… 除此之外，依我看来…

★ For supporting examples, … 例如…

★ Predispositions & biases 偏见和癖好

★ Aside from the foregoing two provisos, however, I… 除了上述两种情况…

★ Indeed it is primarily through such debate that human knowledge advances, whether at the personal, community, or global level.

★ personal value system 个人的价值体系； most anyone

★ chiefly = mainly

★ in one respect or another 在这个方面或另一个方面

★ Without offering reasonable grounds for…

★ 一些有用的词：jeopardize vt. 危及; integral a. 构成整体所必需的; paradoxically; ironically; unexpectedly; in relation to…; tap renewable resource; wholehearted(ly) 全心全意地；

★ increasingly global society 日益全球化的社会

★ nurture = cultivate apart from = without

★ Stress… over…

★ Depends less on… than…

★ matters in which they have direct stake (有关)

★ Grow to + v. 逐渐的…

★ -- let alone… = rather than…

★ With such tunnel vision it is… 以这种短浅的目光

★ Thus, key leadership positions, especially in business, inherently call for (需要) a certain tenacity and competitive spirit.

★ A is bred of (具有) a competitive spirit

★ After all, in a world in which our very survival as a species depends on cooperation, the spirit of even healthy competition, no matter how healthy, is of little value to any of us. 毕竟，在这个世界上，作为一个物种我们的生存依赖于合作。健康的竞争精神，不论它有多健康，对我们来说都价值甚少。

★ Although the critic can help us understand & appreciate art, more often than not, critique is either counterproductive to achieving the objective of art or altogether irrelevant to that objective. 虽然批评能帮助我们理解和欣赏艺术，但通常批评对于艺术的目标起反作用或者与那个目标毫不相关。

★ Besides, true appreciation of art occurs at the moment we encounter art; it is the emotional, even visceral impact that art has on our senses, spirits, and souls that is the real value of art. 另外，真正理解艺术的时刻发生在我们与它接触的那一刻，艺术对我们的感官，精神，灵魂的感性的甚至是本能的冲击，才是艺术真正的价值。

★ The critic’s second function — that of evaluator who filters out…

★ In the role of judge, critics have failed us repeatedly. 艺术批评的判断作用不断地使我们失望。

★ … are ethically or morally acceptable. 为伦理和道德所接受

★ ever-increasing 越来越多的； in the long term； mutually agreed-upon goals 共识的目标

★ This ability cannot help but serve any worker’s career goals, as well as enhancing overall workplace productivity. 这种能力不仅有助于实现工作者本人的职业目标，也能提高经营体的整体生产率

★ In sum, only when educators help students develop their own principles for

living, and when they instill certain fundamental values, do young people grow into successful working adults.

★ self-esteem & self-confidence 自尊与自信

★ In large/certain measure 在很大/某种程度上

★ For example, in challenging the notion that the earth was in a fixed position at the center of the universe, Copernicus paved the way for the corroborating observation of Galileo a century later, and ultimately for Newton’s principles of gravity upon which all modern science depends.

★ The debate over…

★ … yield to…

★ Skepticism should extend to the law as well.

★ When distrust borders on paranoia 当不信任的边界扩展到偏执的程度

★ By recounting various dimensions of … 通过重新考量各个方面的

★ AAA can add meaning to & appreciation of …

★ …, with no…

★ Fact is the basis for fiction, and fiction is no substitute for fact. 事实是虚构的基础，虚构不能替代事实。

★ I think anyone who has seen these films would answer all three questions affirmatively.

★ Yet both teem with (充满) symbolism & metaphor relating to life’s journey, the human spirit, and our hopes, dreams, and ambitions — in short, the human experience. Therein lies the reason for their lasting significance. 它们如此长盛不衰的原因就在于此。

★ …, and thereby… 从而…

★ However, idealism is just as crucial — if not more so — for long-term success 如果不是更为重要的话

★ optimize

★ be more likely to come away with + n. 更可能得到…

★ contribute to + n. = helpful

★ Thus, although the idealist-student might sacrifice a high overall grade average, the depth of knowledge, academic discipline, and sense of purpose the student gains will serve that student well later in life. 让…在今后的生活中获益非浅 （宾语前置）

★ In considering the business would, …/ When it comes to the political arena, …

★ Certainly not = Emphatically, no

★ Be very much about… 大多关于…

★ extend far beyond mere…

★ … to the community, to the broader economy, and to the society as a whole.

★ Again at first blush it might… 猛一看…

★ …, if not the only, …

★ – that is, … –

★ make… reality. 使…成为现实

★ 不要总用can用现在时或seems to来代替

★ can play as an aid to + ving.

★ History is replete with evidence that…

★ Notables ranging from Mozart to McCartney come immediately to mind.

★ not…but rather…

★ …; in fact/ that is, …

★ …can serve as an important catalyst for…

★ In still other areas, such as business, the incubation period for greatness varies from case to case. 随情况的不同而不同

★ the ultimate significance of…

★ A is just as crucial to great achievement as B A和B对于… 是同等重要的

★ practical & utilitarian 实际功利的

★ The sheer diversity of…

★ The speaker asserts that wherever a practical, utilitarian need for new buildings arises this need should take precedence over our conflicting interest in preserving historic buildings as a record of our past.

★ In my view, however, which interest should take precedence should be determined on a case-by-case basis — and should account not only for… but also for… 处于…的考虑

★ …, thereby + ving… 从而… ； 进而…

★ historical relics 历史遗迹

★ …is already secured. 已经确定无疑

★ doldrums 低迷

★ …should never be determined indiscriminately. …不应一刀切的下定论

★ Out and out a./ad. 完全的，彻底的

★ be (little) subject to… 受制于…

★ In its nascent stages 在起初阶段

★ That being the case,… 既然如此…

★ Our new tools of systems analysis, powerful though they may be (though they may be powerful), lead to simplistic theories, especially, and predictably, in economics and political science, where productive approaches have long been highly elusive.

★ The perennial questions that consistently structure the study of history must be distinguished from merely ephemeral questions, which have their day and then pass into oblivion.

★ Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic

of a lack of originality, is the first step in learning to be creative.

★ mundane chores 世俗琐事

★ The trend appears to be away from… toward…

★ …, only that…

★ its own trade-offs 它的代价

★ In various realms of human endeavor 在人类行为的许多领域

★ … more often entails + doing 往往意味着…

★ … finds its great support in…

★ Were we to insist on rejecting tradition in favor of (以利于) purely modern language we would have essentially nothing to say. 如果我们坚持将传统抛弃取而代之以全新的语言，那我们将无话可说。

★ almost always 几乎总是 well-established … is deeply rooted in… As for law,… lies primarily in 主要在于…

★ The same holds true for all other language. 这点同样适用于…

★ Once the ephemeral… dissipates, …

★ An even better example from the arts is …

★ A bear no resemblance to B A与B毫不相干

★ One striking example of … involves…

★ Einstein theorized, and scientists have since proven empirically, that the pace of time, and possibly the direction of time as well, is relative to the observer’s motion through space. 爱因斯坦提出这个理论，从此许多科学家通过经验证明了，时间的步调或许还有它的方向对于观察者在空间中的移动是相对的。

★ For the most part 大多数情况下

★ … rans so contrary to…, that… 反差如此之大

★ However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.

★ cling tenaciously to… 勉强保持着

★ The reason for… lies largely in…

★ Put the world on notice that…

★ A significant contributing factor

★ Fatigue and sleep deprivation

★ The delay that Martin Luther King was something of a late-comer to the antiwar movement until 1967 is perhaps attributable to King’s ambivalence concerning the role of the United States in the war in Vietnam. 意思是不对的，看语言技巧

★ A commonly held view is … 一个普遍接受的观点

★ with respect to 通过 ...

★ Observable as a tendency of our culture is a withdrawal of belief in psychoanalysis: we no longer feel that it can solve our emotional problems.

★ Our times seem especially hospitable to bad ideas, probably because in throwing off the shackles of tradition, we have ended up being quite vulnerable to untested theories and untried remedies. 我们的时代似乎对那些坏主意格外友善，也许是因为摒弃了传统的枷锁，我们已不再对那些未经证实的理论和未经尝试的疗法如此介怀了。

★ The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding history; consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of demographical facts is intrinsically flawed.

★ … seems calculated to… 看上去似乎有意要…

★ … has yet to + 动词 有待于…

★ … in the sense that… = in that

★ Not lies in… but lies in…

★ … who dismissed him, at best, insignificant. 充其量

★ As for = as to the alleged (所谓的) value of…

★ The final essay, its prevailing kindliness marred by occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks (揭示) the dichotomous character of the author.

★ Ironically, the party leaders encountered no greater obstacle to their effort to build a progressive party than the resistance of the progressive already elected to the legislature. 两者都不怎么样

★ When theories formerly considered to be disinterested in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human constructions.

★ Documenting science’s influence on philosophy would be superfluous, since it is almost axiomatic that many philosophers use scientific concepts as the foundations for their speculations.

★ …, in part because…

★ The availability of …

★ …, either because… or because…

★ The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether…

★ Those photographers who suppose that… remind us those people who imagined… 从句套从句

★ Upwards of a billion stars in our galaxy have burnt up their internal energy sources, and so can no longer produce…

★ These stars, of more than a few solar masses, evolve, in general, much more rapidly than does a star like the Sun.

★ Outgoing light rays are dragged back by gravity so forcefully that even if they could start out within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end up in the singularity itself.

★ Rather, they are…

★ Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars.

★ …, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

★ … would be of little use even if…

★ Place a premium on… 高度评价，重视

★ Latent(ly) 潜在的

★ The success of… is due in great part to…

★ …is contingent on = depend on whether…

★ 不要总用 rather than…看一种新的相反概念的表达：Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity, science often…

★ … are evidence that…, and that… 不要总说…证明了…

★ Art incorporate science, but that does not mean that…

★ Scientists have felt comfortable with the idea that…

★ Individual liberty and democratic rights

★ Variant = different

★ Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction to

his poetry, even now only a few…

★ …made possible a degree of security in her emotional life.

★ …, while in actuality…

★ The fact that a theory is plausible does not necessarily ensure its scientific truth, which must be established by unbiased controlled studies.

★ Easy though it may be to prove that…, it will be hard to prove that…

★ … is conducive to the furtherance of the national economic well-bing.

…对于国家经济安宁的促进是有利的。

★ Someone (who…) is of the opinion that…

★ Sb. Takes to bits the assumption which… 某某细细分析了对于…的假设

★ If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, as least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer. 足球中拉平比分的得分 两句都是虚拟

★ Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of (不赞成) the opposing

view, namely, (即,也就是) that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous…

★ Such variations in size, shape…, and the like as had been …

★Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of (公然违抗)what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.

★ However, … is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.

★ Differences between A &B arise in part from a difference in their goals.

★ in the history of an artistic field

★ Strikingly

★ Controversy surrounds the question of whether …

★ … have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on…

★ A is foreign to B A与B无关

★ The reason for this lies, of course, in…

★ Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that…, though to a

lesser extent.

★ Precise(ly) = Literal(ly) 精确的(地)

★ In a psychological description of the…, three related adjectives come to mind:… .

★ About = related to = regarding = concerning

★ …, that is,… 即… 注意不可做连词用。

★ The question, central to the…, is thereby ignored.

★ Lessening 逐渐缩小的

★ …, in a sense,… 在某一方面，就某种意义来说

★ figure as 扮演…的角色

★ On the decline 在下降

★ Pecuniary considerations 金钱方面的考虑

★ Be inclined to… 有…的倾向

★ inextricably intertwined

★ The two, he argued, form a symbiotic union in which A is often applied to B and B is often projected onto A. 这里A和B不一定要是原来那个词，可以进行同义替换或是一个范畴的东西或是统一概念。

★ The alternative,… 此外

★ … might be taken into account. 被考虑

★ Shortly after, Darwin published his theory of evolution, stating that life was not created by an omnipotent god, but rather that all life evolved from the elements that were here on Earth after the Universe came into being.

★ A can sow the seeds for B A是造成B的原因

★ Rampancy in economic competition are responsible for the problem that faked commodities flood the whole market. 经济竞争的无序性导致了假货充斥了整个市场。

★ The public concern over whether to open universities as a source of tourism arises from uncertainty about its effect on students’ academic exploration, their convenience and their safety.

★ A report came to London zoo that a puma was at large.

★ The past 15 years brought one million Chinese to the United States of America.

★ This event is fading from our memory. /This class is firmly rooted in our minds. (Forget/Never Forget)

★ Cultural norms regarding how one views his or her responsibility and role in terms of preserving the environment may influence the intensity of environmental damage that may be sustained.

3. 措辞方面，先说说词法， 不用用那些太学究的词语， 注意一些小词的妙用和修辞手法。 我在写作的时候， 很喜欢用押头韵。 就是把两个开头字母相同的单词放在一起， 这是文学里常用的修辞， 用在习作里会另作文增色不少。

比如， 经历了磨难， 除了可以用suffer外， 更可以用 weather the weal and woe of life， 还可以用押尾韵，就是相同的两个单词结尾， 比如survive and thrive， haps or mishaps（幸与不幸）

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附带打上平时收集的一些押头韵和押尾韵的例子

1. change, chance and challenge (变革机遇和挑战）

2.caution and courage (谨慎与勇气）conscience and courage

3. through fair or foul （经过困苦）

4. fariness and forgiveness（ 公平与宽容）

5. flourish and fail（兴衰）

6. wane and wax（人生当中的悲喜交加， 代替了rise and fall）

7. fame and fortune（issue当中有很多涉及到功利主义的题目， 功利主义的本质就是追求 fame and fortune）于此类似的还有 power and privilege

8. persuasive， practical and professional（我很喜欢在argument 里面的结尾段用上这个短语）

此外， 还可以形容词之间的押头韵， 比如，这个生动的例子说明了一个什么道理云云， 就可以是 this intensely intriguing illustration inspires that。。。

★ 一段非常优秀的类比(1)：The Negro has callus growing on his soul and it’s getting harder and harder to hurt him there. That’s simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that’s too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later, if you don’t take the shoe off， a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

It’s the same with the Negro in America. That shoe—the white man’s system—has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it almost destroyed him. But it didn’t. And now a callus has formed on his soul, and unless that system is adjusted to fit him, too, that callus is going to wear out that system.

★ 一段非常优秀的类比(2)：“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example, has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No. Only by way of an international effort, based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors, along with an appeal to self-interest, have we made some progress. By the same token, efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile, because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly, the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will ultimately suffer.

I. Many people may sincerely believe that… However, one does not have to go very far to see that…

II. Some people may also take for granted that (理所当然地认为)…Yet careful examination would review that…

III. Another misconception that many people may hold is that…But what they feel notice is that…

opening闪光句型：

According to the title statement,…while I agree that…I insist that…/ it is natural that…

It is natural that people may disagree over such a controversial issue due to their different experiences and values. On balance , I an inclined to support(<-> oppose ) the idea that ..

There is a growing public concern over the issue of…

The speaker in the title statement advocates that….

In the last analysis, I argue that…