从句的种类和区分

宾语从句

一、定义：

用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句可以用连词that，连接代词who，whom，what，which；连接副词 how，when，where以及if和whether引起。连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中作一相应的句子成分，if或whether表示疑问，而 that没有意义仅起连接作用。

二、宾语从句的分类：

1． 作动词的宾语从句：

如：Everyone knows that he is a good student.

He wondered how the pyramids were built.

2． 作介词宾语：

如：This depends on how hard you work.

Is there anything wrong in what I said?

3． 作形容词的宾语：

如：They are confident that they can do the job well.

I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time.

三：使用宾语从句要注意的问题：

1． 宾语从句引导词that的省略：

在非正式场合下，that在引导宾语从句时，可以省略。

如：I think (that) you are right.

2． 形式宾语it：

如果宾语从句后面跟有补语，要用形式宾语it来代替，而将从句放到补语的后面去。如：He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.

I heard it said that that factory was founded in 1901.

3．宾语从句的时态呼应：

如果主句的谓语是过去时，宾语从句的时态要按照时态呼应规则进行相应的调整。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然观念，其谓语时态仍用一般现在时。

如：He said that he had left his umbrella in the library.

The teacher told the students that the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

4． 宾语从句否定意义的转移：

在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词所根的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。

如：I don’t think he has time to play chess with you.

I don’t suppose it is the rush hour yet.

5．一些动词接的宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气：

一般说来，在一些表示坚持(insist)，命令(order，command)，建议(suggest，advise)，要求 (require，demand) 等动词之后的宾语从句中，谓语一般要用“should +动词原形”（其中的should在美国英语中常省略，但是引导从句的that通常不省略）：

如：She suggested that we (should) leave early．

He ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane．

6．whether 与 if

引导介词宾语从句时，只能用 whether，不用if；与“or not”连用时，一般用whether，不用if。

如：I am interested in whether he'll go abroad．

We don't know whether he will come or not．

7．宾语从句的语序

连接词后面为陈述语序。

如：I don’t know what your name is.

8．直接引语变为间接引语

间接引语的使用应注意选择合适的动词。陈述用say／tell，疑问用ask／wonder，而祈使用 tell／order，建议用advise／suggest。注意这些动词后面的结构和语气。

如：“Could you get some tea for me？” Mr．Blake said to his wife．

→Mr. Blake asked his wife whether she could get some tea for him.

“Shall we go dancing tonight？”John said．

→John suggested they should go dancing tonight.

状语从句

状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句

都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。

状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点

的一个一个来分析。

时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等从

属连词引导的状语从句。

时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时，只能用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作或

存在的状态。

如:I will call you as soon as I arrive there.

原因状语从句： because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪

个好。我们来

比较一下。

because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因

或人们已知原因，就用as或since。

如：I don't like that coat,because the color looks terrible.

由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直

接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

如：He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.

目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that,等词引导。如：

You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.

结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so...that 或 such...that引导，要掌握和区分这两个句型，

首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修

饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。

如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。

though, although 和 but不能同时使用。

Although it rained, they had a good time. 定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which，as 。 关系副词有：when, where, why ,how 。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 定语从句分为性定语从句和非性定语从句。 1 、关系代词引导的定语从句 1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3)which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)

关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别： 1）不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时

(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food. c)多用who 的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend . ②先行词为those , people 时

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth . ③先行词为all, anyone , ones , one 指人时

One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed in his work . ④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you . ⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .

⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .

There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does .

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 All that is needed is a supply of oil.

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b) 先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water .

c) 先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin .

d) 先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited .

e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate . f)关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be . 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why，how

关系副词when, where, why,how的含义相当于\"介词+ which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+ which\"结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

I’m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem . 注意：

①在非性定语从句中，\"介词+ which\"结构不能代替关系副词。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves .

②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。 Is this the book which (that) she was looking for ?

3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten .

There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard . There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia . 4、 as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别： 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引导非性从句，常带有'正如'的意思。 As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 用法区别：

(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

As we all know , he never smokes .

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect , think , suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。

She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected .

(4)As 的用法 the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

I should like to use the same tool as is used here . We should have such a dictionary as he is using .

主语从句

在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句 常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和。

（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.

（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right.

（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time.

（9）What we need are good doctors. 小结:

（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2）连词位于句首不能省略

（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9） 为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末

（1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that.

（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.

（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.

（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.

（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)

（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.

（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there) 小结: （1）为避免头重脚轻，常以形式主语it引导从句。 It+形式主语谓语+从句。 （2）由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语 均为单数第三人称形式或过去式. 主语从句的用法

主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。 一．主语从句 主语从句 定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

①主语从句常用it作形式主语，一般常用句型为：It is+{名词/形容词/过去分词}+主语从句例如：

It is still a question whether she will come or not. It is strange that you should like him.

It is still unknown which team will win the match. 另外，还有一些比较多见的结构： It turned out that……;

It has been proved that……; It happened/occurred that……; It is well-known that……等等

②而强调句则不同，它的结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句

强调主语：It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄 强调宾语：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us. 强调状语：It was in shanghai that I saw the film. 判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+that从句

It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+that从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it +不及物动词+that从句

It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it is+过去分词+that从句 It is reported that… 据报道…

It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

What you said yesterday is right.

二：宾语从句用以区分主语从句的几个特征：

1、引导词：what\\which\\whose\\when\\whether\\if\\where 2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。

如：I think that you must work harder.

宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。 (1)表达时间的几个句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave?

由于时刻都是固定的，也可以用一般现在时代替一般将来时： What time does the train leave?

(2)时间的表达方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在时间的中间也可以加上分的单词(minutes)

(3)had better +动词原型。意思是提要求，建议。但是上下级不能用这种方式，因为语气太重：

You had better give up smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地点

I left my book in my classroom yesterday.

(5)may I have your name(address\\age)?一般询问对方的年龄、名字等，不要习惯以前的问法，这样很不礼貌，而是要采访上面的问法。以前的习惯是：how old are you? \\what's your name? (6)修饰名词的代词次序：限-描-大-形---年---颜----籍----物--------类+名词：

this is a bridge.

This is a beautiful bridge 补充：从句的语序永远是陈述句

表语从句 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。 简介 表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 AThe problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑。 主语+连系动词+形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。 主语+连系动词+句子作表语（表语从句） B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。还有如because, as if, as though等。 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑。 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 注意 A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B 引导名词性从句时if/whether（是否）用法辨析： if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。 引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。 位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导，同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句。 例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。（how 在表语从句中充当方式状语） The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。（what 在表语从句中充当宾语) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。（what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略） That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。（what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。（why 在表语从句中充当原因状语） 注意 “That is why...”是常用句型， 意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结， 又如：That is why you see this old woman before you know,Jeanne. 珍妮， 这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。（前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异， 说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括）。// That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构， 它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样， 例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因） He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果） 案例分析 考题1 The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that [答案] D [解析] 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。 考题2

You are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is ____ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how [答案] B

[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语（“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构）， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。

考题3

— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why B. when C. what D. where [答案] A

[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语， 下划线应填入表示“因此……”（指因某种原因所造成的结果）的引导词why。

考题4

____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海）

A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that [答案] A

[解析] 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语， 特指她所不理解的事情， 应填入关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处表示“因此……”（指因某种原因所造成的后果， 由why引导对应的名词性从句）而不是“为什么……”（指原因、 理由， 由because引导对应的名词性从句）， 应填入引导词why。

考题5

____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春） A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because [答案] B

[解析] 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语， 特指令校方骄傲的事情， 应选用关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线

处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由， 应由that引导对应的名词性从句。 考题6 — Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? — Oh,that’s ____. (2003北京春） A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited [答案] A [解析] A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”； B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”； C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”； D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应， 充当表语从句。 相关链接 简介 宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，充当表语的句子叫表语从句。 宾语从句 （1）对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点 ①语序： 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序，即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。 ②时态： 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，从句可以是任何时态，而当主句是一般过去时的时候，从句，从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态，即（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）。 ③连接词： 当从句意思完整，主句意思肯定时，连接词用that，且可以省去，当从句意思完整，主句意思不确定或含否定含意时，常用if或whether（是否），当从句意思不完整时，连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。 如：What the police want to know is when you entered red the room想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。 The trouble is that we are short of funds困难是我们缺乏资金。 This is what we should do这是我们应当做的。 That‘s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。 His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。

注意：从句中的疑问句用正常语序，即陈述语序。 as if,as though,because也可用来引导表语从句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起来好像做了一件大事。 It is because you eat too much是因为你吃得太多了。

同位语从句

在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。

一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。

1. 名词作同位语

Mr Wang,my child’s teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。

2.短语作同位语

I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，老得照料家中的其他孩子。

3. 直接引语作同位语

But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”

4. 句子作同位语

The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。 用法

同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较\"固定\"

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。

I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用）。

I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 引导词

同位语从句的引导词，引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。

1. 连词that引导

（注：引导同位语从句的that不能省略）

The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作

的想法是完全错误的。（作idea的同位语）

【注意1】在某些名词（如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气

There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。

【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。

He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。

2. 连词whether引导

（注：if不能引导同位语从句）

The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。

【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。

3.其它引导词引导

连接代词what,who,whom,whose，引导同位语从句

1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）

2).The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语）

4. 连接副词引导

连接副词when,where,how,why

We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。

先行词

1．定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。 例如：

①The boy who is playing football is my classmate． ②Those who work hard will succeed．

③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody． ④The fact that you are talking about is important．

在①句中，加粗部分是定语从句，其先行词是名词 boy，是具体名词，它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

在②句中，加粗部分也是定语从句，其先行词是代词those，代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

在③句中，加粗部分是同位语从句，其先行词是名词fact，它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词，④句便是一例。加粗部分是对fact的修饰，所以是定语从句。

由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。

2．when，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。 例如：

①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing． ②I have no idea when she will be back．

在①句中，加粗部分是when引导的定语从句，其先行词day是表示时间的名词；

在②句中，加粗部分是when引导的同位语从句，其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。

引导词

定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。 1．引导词that

引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当一定成分，并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用。不能省略。 例如：

①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting． ②We heard the news that our team had won．

在①句中，加粗部分是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。

在②句中，加粗部分是同位语从句，that没有任何意义，只起连接作用。 2．引导词when，where，why

引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。 例如：

①I will never forget the day when I joined the army． ②We have no idea when she was born．

在①句中，加粗部分是定语从句，when在从句中作状语，它可以转换成on which的形式；

在②句中，加粗部分是同位语从句， when在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。

③This is the house where I lived two years ago．

④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．

在③句中，加粗部分是定语从句，where在从句中作状语，它可以转换成in which的形式；

在④句中，加粗部分是同位语从句， where在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。

⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting． ⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent．

在⑤句中，加粗部分是定语从句，why在从句中作状语，它可以转换成for which的形式；

在⑥句 中，加粗部分是同位语从句，why在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成\"介词+关系代词\"的形式。 句式关系

同位语从句与定语从句

that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句，其区别在于：1.同位语从句由

连接词that引导，连接词that本身无意义，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他词替代；2.定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作宾语时可省略.

由when，where，why引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于：同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用，没有指代作用； 定语从句由关系副词引导，关系副词具有指代先行词的作用，常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如：I will never forget the day when we first met. （定语从句，when为关系副词） That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. （定语从句，which/that为关系代词，作forget的宾语）

This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. （定语从句，where为关系副词）

This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. （定语从句，which为关系代词，作sold的宾语）.

关系

1. 意义的不同

同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：

We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。（news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句）

We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。（that从句是the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句） 2. 引导词的不同

what,how,whatever 等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句。 3. 引导词的功能上的不同

that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。 4. 被修饰词语的区别

同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope,wish,idea,news,fact,promise,opinion,suggestion,truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定： I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。（同位语从句） I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。（定语从句） 相关语法

一、同位语从句的位置

1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。

I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午可能不能来看你了。

2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。

The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。

二、从句前名词的形式

同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外）加以修饰。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？

三、同位语从句的语气

在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。

Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。

四、从句的先行词

同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea,situation thought,fact,evidence,belief,doubt,fear,hope,question,theory,news,order,ability等等。

How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣，对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的?

代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语，同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。

I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸亏你，我现在还活着。

有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。一般认为，这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语，因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。

You must see to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it,and It is that the children don't catch cold.）你要当心，别让孩子们着凉了。

编辑本段

特殊形式

1.间隔同位语从句

同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。

A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday

简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了间隔同位语从句 2.suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。

She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。

简析：suggestion，order，request，proposal，requirement，command，advice，proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“（should+）动词原形”的形式，其中should一词可省略。 雅思例句

1 I have a dream that one day,all roads will be made plain.

2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal. 3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse.

4 Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own country's tradition and cultures. 状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

种类

1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句 3.原因状语从句 4.条件状语从句 5.目的状语从句 6.让步状语从句 7.比较状语从句 8.方式状语从句 9.结果状语从句

状语从句的时态特点

一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般

将来时，绝不可用will arrive）

As soon as I have finished this work, I will have gone home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,绝不可用will have finished）

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，绝不可用will come back） 状语从句讲解和练习

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：

1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)

3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)

4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)

5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1． 时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2． 地点状语从句 常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard.

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如：

句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国党，哪里人民就得。

句型2：anywhere/wherener+地点从句/主句。

【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 3． 原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. 我的朋友不喜欢我，因为我又英俊又成功。

Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. 既然每个人都到了，让我们开始我们的会议吧。

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

更高的收入税是有害的，因为它或许会阻碍人们努力赚钱。 4． 目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. 老板要求秘书快写函件以便他能在上面签字。

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

为了让后面的学生听得更清楚，老师有意地提高了他的声音。 5． 结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6． 条件状语从句 常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7． 让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，

no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food to men is what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。 9． 方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 10. 状语从句的简化 状语从句的省略

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如： When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如： I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行\"简化\"。状语从句的\"简化\"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的\"简化\"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如: If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常

用于以下几种情形: a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩子时代就乐于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,但现在他是位著名的导演了。 c.连词+现在分词

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。 d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。

He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。 f.连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。

注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over, 编辑本段时间 概念：

在复合句中，由时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。(在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致。） 要点:

时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：

when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句主要用一般现在时。 1.when在...的时候

Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。

2.while在...期间

He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。 3.as在...的同时；一边...一边... We alwalys sing as we walk. 我们总是一边走一边唱。

I'll let him know as soon as she comes. 她一来，我就会让他知道。 4.after在...之后

He left the classroom after he had finished his homework . 他做完作业之后就离开教室。 5.before 在...之前

Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。

We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那就开始工作。

I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就给你写信。 7.since 自。。。以来 到现在

表示自过去的一个起始时间点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(从三年前至今)表示。

Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。 8 till /until直到。。。

都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until） They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。

Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。 9. by the time 到。。。为止 (所在句子的主句应用完成时)

By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。

By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校时，已经开始上课了。 编辑本段注意事项

1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句 例如：

When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive

force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！

Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。

You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。

Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长一边谈一边笑。 when, while和as的区别

when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 例如：

When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬间动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）

We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。(瞬间动词)

While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）

As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） as when while的辨析

as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下： 表示“一边。。。一边\"的意思

as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 用于发生时间较短时 when

1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作\"之前 \"或\"之后\"发生。 2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候) while 1、用于时间较长时

2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。 It was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)

When I had read the article, he called me.

我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )

When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)

He was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.

while, as不能代替

She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)

While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.

外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)

Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)

2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句

注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。

Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。

After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句

till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如： I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之

后他才开始教我英语。

I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。

I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句

since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：

I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？

It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 知识扩展

1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间) It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。 2. It is +before…(。。。才)

It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。

It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时，才来。

5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, ]等引导的时间状语从句b] 这些连词都表示“一……就……”。 例如：

I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：

He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。

No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。

He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。

6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句

注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：

By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。

By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。

7.由each time, every time和whenever]引导的时间状语从句b] 例如：

Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。

You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 8.由as long as和so long as]引导的时间状语从句。b]这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”，通常译为“只要” 例如：

You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。

I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 9.when和while的区别

when 和 while 都可表示“当.....时....”“这时候.....”when后及短暂性动词（land，come in，meet，leave 等），while后及延续性动词（shop，visit，read，sleep 等） when 后及一般过去式。eg：The girl was shopping when she saw the alien. What was Charlotte doing when the alien took off ?

while 后及过去进行时。eg：While the alien was buying a souvenir , the boy called the police.

While the alien was reading the book , the boy called the TV station[1]. 编辑本段地点 概念：

地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型， 要点:

由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. 例如： 句型1：

Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国党，哪里人民得。 句型2：

Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句，+主句。

【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。

而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 知识扩展

1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语)

1.It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.

他将是一所混合式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对限先行词起限定作用。)

2.Wherever you go , I go too.

无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语)

4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语. 编辑本段条件

要点： 条件状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。 1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.

2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.

3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too.

我会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我就去.) 4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.

如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.

He will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. 一般将来时， 一般现在时

They are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时 编辑本段原因

要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导 1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。

2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.

3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.

4.I asked her to stay to tea for I had somethingto tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她. .难点——because , since , as , for,辨析

1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn’t go because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today ,because / for he is ill. He must be ill for he is absent today. 3) as和for的区别：

通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例： As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句） I stay at home for the weather is cold. 编辑本段目的

要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。 1.so that 以至, 以便

I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。

I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。 2.in order that=so that:为了

We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.

不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 3.despite= in spite of 编辑本段结果

要点：结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。

1.so…that 如此…以至于

The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited. 科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 2. such…that 如此。。。以至

It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 3.比较：so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people

（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school 难点

+形容词或副词

+形+a(an)+单数可数名词

so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that +much或 little+不可数名词

so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，

当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。

so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前加冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.

1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.

2。there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.

3。It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好,以至于我想去散散步.

4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他

(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此之好,以至于我想去散散步. 编辑本段让步

要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导. 难点：

lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.

Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.

Wrong: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析

although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. 1。He is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康. 考点

2。Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling. 尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。 3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though. 尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。 典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意：

a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3) ever if, even though. 即使

We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whether…or- 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) \"no matter +疑问词\" 或\"疑问词+后缀ever\" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 编辑本段比较 要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级

1. as…as 和。。。一样

Jack is as tall as Bob. 捷克和汤姆一样高。

2. not so(as)…as …和不一样

She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 她不如她姐姐外向。 比较级

more…than (更)

This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书有教育意义。 最高级

1.The most…in/of

This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2. the + 形容词+est…of/in

This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。 知识扩展

no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) 1。I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。

2。It’s no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。 not more than不如。。。；(前者不如后者) 1。Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。

2。one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级) Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。 编辑本段方式

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\"正如…\"，\"就像\"，多用于正式文体，例如：

1。Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 2。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\"仿佛……似的\"，\"好像……似的\"，例如：

1。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightning. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 2。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 编辑本段运用

写作中能合理、正确地使用状语从句，不但能地道的表达英文习惯，而且还能使文体结构更加严谨、美观。例如下文： My hobby

The hobby I enjoy most is fishing.

I started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I’ll never forget the day (2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But experience didn’t put me off and I have been fishing ever since.

Now I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river.

(1)是由when引导的时间状语从句，这类从句的使用频率很高。

(2)句是由I’ll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两句组成。When在从句中做时间状语。

(3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句。When 常与suddenly 连用，主句常用过去进行是。译为 “正在……, 忽然……”.

(4)是以 so…that… (太…..以至于……)引导的结果状语从句. （5）the...the... e.g.

The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes. The harder you work,the greater progress you will make. The more pictures I take,the more skilled I become. 编辑本段高考考察

【专题要点】状语从句考点概览：1.when， while， as引导时间状语从句的区别;2.名词词组the minute， the moment， the first time， each time， any time等用作连词，引导时间状语;3.before，和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;4.till和until的用法;5.although， though， as以及even if， even though引导让步状语从句的用法;6.结果状语从句中“so ----that”与“such---that”的区别;7.条件状语从句unless， providing/provided， suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法

【考纲要求】考纲要求在复习状语从句中掌握如下几点：1.全面掌握状语从句的

九大类别;2.根据历年高考试题，对状语从句的考点要进行全面的归纳，在九大类别中的考查热点中，重点把握在引导时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的连词运用上;3.熟练运用出现频率较高让步状语从句和原因状语从句;4.做好易混词的辨析如：as， when， while等，时间状语从句因为连接词容易出现在一些常用结构里也经常出现;5. 掌握状语从句中的时态、语态、语气、省略;6.与其它从句、句型结合起来分析、辨析