Embedded real-timeapplicationTime criticalaudio/videoapplicationMiddleware LayerTraffic/QoSspecificationQoS(re-)negotiationSignalingAdmissioncontrolDataTraffic regulationand QoS monitoringWith resource reservationmanager and run-timelink schedulerData transfer protocolQoS-driven unicast/multicast routingResource reservationand adaptation managerRun-time linkschedulerNetwork SoftwareMulticast groupQoS constraints:C(e.g., delay, jitter)Objective function:O(e.g., cost)M(Constraint-based)Multicast RoutingTopologyNetwork statelocalexactglobalaggregateprobability modellocalglobalexactaggregateSS(a)(b)SSPrunePrunePrunePrunePrunePrune(c)(d)Rendezvous Point(S2) PIM-join(R2) PIM-join(S3) PIM-join(R1) PIM-joinRequesting routerwith a new memberSource(S1) PIM-registerCoreJOIN_ACKJOIN_REQUESTJOIN_ACKJOIN_REQUESTRequesting routerwith a new memberL2Region BL2Region CL2L2Region DRegion AL2Region FL2L2Region E
