仁爱版初中英语语法大全 一.名词 I.名词的种类: 专有名词 国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称 II.名词的数: 1.规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 1 一般情况在词尾加-s 2 例词 map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es ,dish-dishes leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knive变-f和-fe为v再加-es s,loaf-loaves,wife-wives 以-f或-fe结尾的词 belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-pro加-s ofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为iparty-parties,family-families,story-s加-es tories,city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,H词以y结尾的,加-s enry-Henrys hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-pota一般加-es toes,tomato-tomatoes 以辅音字母piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,加-o结尾的不少外来词加-s kilo-kilos,solo-solos 名词 zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/v两者皆可 olcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-month以-th结尾的名词加-s s,path-paths, 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 物质名词 3 4 5 6 7 8 2.不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 ,mouse-mice sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,specie2 单复数相同 sli,yuan,jin, ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glass3 只有复数形式 es,compasses,contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people,police,cattle,staff audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)5 committee,government,population,crew,team,pub也可以作复数(成员) lic,enemy,party customs(海关),forces(),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙6 复数形式表示特别含义 滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟) Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swed加-s es,Europeans 表示7 “某国单复数同形 Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的Englishmen,Frenchwomen 改为-men,-women sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-t将主体名词变为复数 ellers,boyfriends 合成名8 无主体名词时将最后一词 grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches 部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 womensingers,menservants III.名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1.’s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ theboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto, theteachers’room,thetwins’mother, thechildren’stoys,women’srights, Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMar须加’s y’sbikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfa加’s ther 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myun词省略 cle’s 2.’s所有格的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 表示时间 today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday 表示自然现象 theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches 表示国家城市等地thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sin方的名词 dustry 表示工作群体 theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory 表示度量衡及价值 amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples 与人类活动有特殊thelife’stime,theplay’splot 关系的名词 abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(某些固定词组 不知所措) 3.of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents 用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed 二.冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I.不定冠词的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 指一类人或事,相当于akindof 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 表示“每一”相当于every,one 表示“相同”相当于thesame 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. Aboyiswaitingforyou. Westudyeighthoursaday. Wearenearlyofanage. AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout 6 用于固定词组中 用于7 quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后 用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之8 后 II.定冠词的用法: 1 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物2 名词前 ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng. Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime Thisroomisratherabigone. Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet. Thehorseisausefulanimal. theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 4 用于乐器前面 用于形容词和分词前表示5 一类人 表示“一家人”或“夫6 妇” 用于序数词和形容词副词7 比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河8 湖海,山川群岛的名词前 ch 用于表示发明物的单数名9 词前 在逢十的复数数词之前,指10 世纪的某个年代 11 用于表示单位的名词前 用于方位名词,身体部位名12 词,及表示时间的词组前 3 III.零冠词的用法: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor? playtheviolin,playtheguitar thereach,theliving,thewounded theGreens,theWangs Heisthetallerofthetwochildren. theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrenThecompasswasinventedinChina. inthe1990’s Ihiredthecarbythehour. Hepattedmeontheshoulder. 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,ai地名等名词前 r 名词前有Iwantthisbook,notthatone./?Whosepursthis,my,whose,some,no,each,every等eisthis? 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring 前 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica. 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 Helikesplayingfootball/chess. 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 bytrain,byair,byland husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandni以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 ght 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horsesareusefulanimals. 三.代词: I.代词可以分为以下七大类: 人主格 称1 代宾格 词 形容词性 主2 代名词性 词 I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them my,your,his,her,its,our,their mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs 3 反身代词 4 5 6 7 myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 指示代词 this,that,these,those,such,some 疑问代词 who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever 关系代词 that,which,who,whom,whose,as one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/a不定代词 little, other/another,all/both,neither/either II.不定代词用法注意点: 1.one,some与any: 1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。 Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers. Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks. Ihavesomequestionstoask. 2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Wouldyoulikesomebananas? Couldyougivemesomemoney? 3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.???Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany. 4)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.???Doyoufeelanybettertoday? 2.each和every: each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary. Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints. 3.none和no: no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 Thereisnowaterinthebottle. Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None. Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties. 4.other和another: ?1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway, theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如: Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother. Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam. ?2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one). Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers. Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball. 5.all和both,neither和either ?all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. ?AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish. ?Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher. 四.形容词和副词 I.形容词: 1.形容词的位置: 1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 1 2 3 4 5 6 修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构nobodyabsent,everythingpossi成的复合不定代词时 ble 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或thebestbookavailable,theonlyonly修饰的名词之后 solutionpossible alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置 theonlypersonawake 和空间、时间、单位连用时 abridge50meterslong 成对的形容词可以后置 ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful 形容词短语一般后置 amandifficulttogetonwith 2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词 大小 冠词前指示代词 的形容不定代词 词 代词所有格 the all both such a second one this next four another your 3)复合形容词的构成: 1 形容词+名词+ed 2 形容词+形容词 3 形容词+现在分词 4 副词+现在分词 5 副词+过去分词 II.副词 副词的分类: 时间副soon,now,early,finally1 词 ,once,recently 地点副here,nearby,outside,up2 词 wards,above 方式副hard,well,fast,slowly,3 词 excitedly,really 程度副almost,nearly,very,fai4 词 rly,quite,rather III.形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。 1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare. 2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。 频度副always,often,frequently,se5 词 ldom,never 疑问副6 how,where,when,why 词 连接副how,when,where,why,whether7 词 ,however,meanwhile 关系副8 when,where,why 词 kind-hearted dark-blue ordinary-looking hard-working newly-built 6 名词+形容词 7 名词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 8 9 数词+名词+ed 10 数词+名词 world-famous peace-loving snow-covered three-egged twenty-year poor square good short cool yellow London stone beautiful large new black Chinese silk 性质 序数词 基数词 状态 形状 名词 长短 温度 新旧 颜色 产地 质地 国籍 材料 3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake. 4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday. 5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours. 6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。 ???五.介词 I.介词分类: 1 简单介词 about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on 2 合成介词 inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without 3 短语介词 accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto 4 双重介词 fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween 5 分词转化成的介considering(就而论),including 词 6 形容词转化成的like,unlike,near,next,opposite 介词 II.常用介词区别: 表示时间的1 in,on,at 表示时间的2 since,from 表示时间的3 in,after 表示地理位置的4 in,on,to 表示“在…上”的5 on,in 表示“穿过”的6 through,across 表示“关于”的7 about,on between与among8 的区别 besides与except9 的区别 at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关 since指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 about指涉及到,on指专门论述 between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 表示“用”的10 in,with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,11 as与like的区别 指情形相似 in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或12 in与into区别 位置 六.动词 I.动词的时态: 1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 一般 进行 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 ask/asks asked shall/willask should/wouldask am/is/areaswas/wereaskshall/willbeasshould/wouldbeaskiking ing king ng 完成 have/hasaskhadasked shall/willhaveshould/wouldhaveased asked ked 完成进行 have/hasbeehadbeenaskishall/willhaveshould/wouldhavebenasking ng beenasking enasking 2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如: Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容) 2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如: Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。 Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。 4.一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时 will/shall1 +动词原形 用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 ar. 例句 MysisterwillbetennextyeIt’sgoingtoclearup. begoingto+含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,2 We’regoingtohaveaparty动词原形 或表示很有可能要发生某事 tonight. Heismovingtothesouth. go,come,start,move,leave,arrivbe+doing3 e等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生AretheyleavingforEurope进行时表示将来 的动作 ? Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang. beaboutto+表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生4 动词原形 的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 Themeetingisabouttoclose. beto+动词We’retomeetattheschool5 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 原形 gateatnoon. Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock. 一般现在时时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的6 表示将来 事情,可用一般现在时表示将来 Theplaneleavesattenthisevening. II.动词的被动语态: 1 2 3 4 5 常用常用被动构成 构成 被动语态 语态 一般am/is/areasked 6 过去进行was/werebeingasked 现在时 时 一般was/wereasked 7 现在完成have/hasbeenasked 过去时 时 一般shall/willbeasked 8 过去完成hadbeenasked 将来时 时 过去should/wouldbeasked 9 将来完成will/wouldhavebeenas将来时 时 ked 现在am/is/arebeingasked 1含有情态can/must/maybeasked 进行时 0 动词的 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be goingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如: 事项 Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates. Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl. 注意 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: Itisbelievedthat…???????????Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…??????????Itissaidthat… Itiswellknownthat…????????Itmustbepointedoutthat…?????????????Itissupposedthat… Itisreportedthat…???????????Itmustbeadmittedthat…???????????????Itishopedthat… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.?????????Thebookisworthreadingtwice. Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.???????????Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell. Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等 七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 can 用法 能力(体力,智力,技能) 允许或许可(口语中常用) could 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) couldn’tdo No,…can’t. May…do…?Yes,…may. may 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) might 祝愿(用于倒装句中) mightnotdo maynotdo No,…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do…?Yes,…might No,…mightnot. Must…do…?Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’thaveto. 否定式 cannot/cannot/can’tdo 疑问式与简答 Can…do…? Yes,…can. 必须,应该(表主观要求) must mustnot/mustn’tdo 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) Do…havetodo…? 只好,不得不(客观的必须,haveto 有时态人称变化) o don’thavetodYes,…do.?No,…don’t. Ought…todo…? Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t. Shall…do…? shallnot/shanYes,…shall.?No,…’tdo 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、shan’t. 警告、威胁等 应当,应该(表义务责任) shouldnot/shoshould Should…do…? uldn’tdo 本该(含有责备意味) willnot/won’意愿,决心 Will…do…? will tdo 请求,建议,用在问句中wouldYes,…will.?No,…wwouldnot/woulwould 比较委婉 on’t. dn’tdo Dare…do…? darenot/darendare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) Yes,…dare.No,…da’tdo ren’t. 需要 Need…do…? neednot/neednneed 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句’tdo Yes,…must.No,…needn中) ’t. Used…todo…? shall Yes,…used.?No,…use(usednot/usedn’t/d)n’t. usen’ttodo didn’tusetodo Did…usetodo…? Yes,…did.?No,…didn’t. II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测: 以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。 HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere. 2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 用于一三人称征求对方意见 oughtto 应当(表示义务责任,口语中oughtnotto/ou多用should ghtn’ttodo 将要,会 usedto 过去常常(现在已不再) Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask. 3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow. Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生) Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) III.情态动词注意点: 1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2.usedto和would:?usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。 3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别: 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdo;Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo 八.非谓语动词 I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式 构成 时态和语态 todo tobedo不定式 ing tobedone tohavebeendone 否定式 特征和作用 复合结构 forsb具有名词,副词和形容词的.todosth. 作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 tohavedone 在非doing beingdon谓语前加 现e not having在分havingbe分词 done endone 词 过 去分done 词 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 doing e having动名词 done beingdonsb’sdoing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 havingbeendone II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,man宾语的动词 age,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider 只接动名词做can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,be宾语的动词或短语 engagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体意义基本的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) 相同 need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式) stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事 意义相反 两stopdoing停止正在做的事 者remember/forget/regrettodo(指动goontodo(接着做另外一件都作尚未发生) 事) 可以 remember/forget/regretdoing(指goondoing(接着做同一件事) 动作已经发生) 意义不同 trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力) meantodo(打算做,企图做) trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果) meandoing(意识是,意味着) can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做) III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 与宾语的逻辑关系及时例句 间概念 ask,beg,expect,ge主谓关系。强调动作将发Iheardhimcallmesevt,order,tell,want,wis生或已经完成 eraltimes. h,encourage have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make notice,see,watch,主谓关系。强调动作正在Ifoundherlisteninghear,find,keep,have,f进行,尚未完成 totheradio. eel 动宾关系。动作已经完Wefoundthevillageg常见动词 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 成,多强调状态 IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表不定式 示在谓语动词之前发生 . 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 ? reatlychanged. 举例 Ihavealotofpaperstotype. IhavealotofpaperstobetypedShallwegototheswimmingpool与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓theboilingwater/theboiledw现在分词 语动作同时发生 ater 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生thedevelopingcountry/thede在谓语动作之前,现已经完成 velopedcountry 过去分词 thefallingleaves/thefallenleaves V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时Mydreamistobecomeateach可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可er. 和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来Toobeythelawisimportant提问主语或表语。 不定式 . (dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,Itisnousesayingthatagai表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时nandagain. 动名词 也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位Teachingismyjob. 置。 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性Thesituationisencouragi质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,ng. 可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。 Thebookiswellwritten. 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主,语的性(常见分词有质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shock语多是人。 ing,boring,amusing及其-ed形式) 分词 九.定语从句 I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语 例句 Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother? Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whom,whiIlikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouch和that在从句中做宾语thistory. 时,常可以省whose 人,物 定语 Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyd略,但介词提eskmate. 前时后面关系关系代代词不能省Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. 词 略,也不可以that 人,物 主语,宾语 Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeve用that rymuch. Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10. which 物 主语,宾语 Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible. Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallas做宾语ofus. as 人,物 主语,宾语 一般不省略 ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday. Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetth可用when 时间 时间状语 ere. onwhich 关系副可用where 地点 地点状语 ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn. 词 inwhich Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturne可用why 原因 原因状语 ddownmyoffer. forwhich . II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别: 用法说明 例句 1.??先行词为1.Hetoldmeeverythingthathall,everything,anything,nothing,little,eknows. much,等不定代词时。 只用that的情2.Allthebooksthatyouoffer况 2.??先行词被edhasbeengivenout. all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhfew等修饰时 情况 备注 whom 人 宾语 3.??先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修aveeverread. 饰时 4.Wetalkedaboutthepersons4.??先行词既指人又指物时 andthingsthatweremembered. 5.??先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时 5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee. 6.??句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时 6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech? 1.??在非性定语从句中,只能用Hehasason,whohasgoneabroawhich指代物,用who/whom指人 dforfurtherstudy. 只用2.??在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语Ilikethepersontowhomthetewhich,who,who从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。 acheristalking. m的情况 3.??先行词本身是that时,关系词用Thosewhorespectothersareuwhich,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。 suallyrespectedbyothers. III.as与which的区别: 定语从句 区别 例句 Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. 性定名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关语从句中 系代词用as,不能用which Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand. Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。非性如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’tex定语从句句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而whichpected. 中 引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmst意思。 arinthe1980s. IV.性定语从句与非性定语从句的区别: 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰作用,如果去掉,主句性定语Theaccidenthappenedatth意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分从句 etimewhenIleft. 密切,写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十非性定分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,Hismother,whomhelovedde语从句 相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词eply,diedtenyearsago. 做宾语时也不能省略。 十.名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 类别 在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用主语从句 it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后 Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch. Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome. Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow. Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame. Youhavenoideahowworriedweare. Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus. that,whether,if,asif,a在复合句中做表语,相当于sthough,who,w表语从句 名词,位于系动词之后 hose,which,ho在复合句中做宾语,相当于w,when,where,宾语从句 why,what,what名词 ever,whoever,放在名词之后wherever 同位语从(news,problem,idea,suggestio句 n,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容 十一。状语从句 种类 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 让步状语 连接词 注意点 when,whenever,while,as,before,af主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般ter,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,ha现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是rdly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词theminute,immediately,directly,insta是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂ntly 性的。 where,wherever because语气最强,since较弱,表because,as,since,nowthat 示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。 if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,o从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用nconditionthat 一般时代替 sothat和inorderthat后常接sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat may,should,could,would等情态动词 so…that,such…that than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore asif和asthough引导的从句一般用asif,asthough,as 虚拟语气。 though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwas在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;ho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nalthough和though用正常语序,可和yetomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,when连用,但不可和but连用 ever 十二。倒装句 种类 倒装条件 here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away完全等副词开头的句子表示强调 倒装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 例句 Outrushedthechildren. Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs. Presentatthemeetingwere1,000stud强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡 ents. never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened. 句首 Onlythendidherealizedtheimportanonly和修饰的状语放于句首 ceofEnglish. notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoh倒后不倒 eisexpertatit. neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareabout部分it. 倒装 倒装 so…that,such…that中的so或such及Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholid修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 ay. as引导的让步状语 Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot. so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用Hecanplaythepiano.Socani. 于另外的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 Mayyoubeingoodhealth! 省略if的虚拟条件 WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway. 十三。虚拟语气 类别 用法 从句动词:过去式(be用were) 与现在事实相反 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 从句动词:had+过去分词 Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus. 例句 与过去事实相If引导的反 条件从句 IfIhadbeenfree,I主句动词:wouldhavevisitedyou. should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形Ifitshouldrainto/were+不定式 与将来事实相morrow,wewouldnotgoc反 主句动词:amping. should/would/could/might+动词原形 Theyaretalkingasasif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 iftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears. 其它状语从句 Turnonthelightsoinorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用thatwecanseeitclearlcan/could/may/might/would等+动词原形 y. demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind. 宾语从句 should+动词原形 wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和IwishIcouldbeaposhould/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反 psinger. 在ItisstrangethatsItisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested主语从句 uchapersonshouldbeou/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词rfriends. 用should+动词原形 Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词It’shightimetha原形 tweleft. wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完Iwouldratheryous其它句型中 成式 tayedathomenow. Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示Ifonlyourdreamha强烈的愿望 dcometrue! 十四。重要句型 1.?Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask. 2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain. 3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake. 4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand. 5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth! 6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome! 7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes. 8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience. 9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead. 10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher. 11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists. 12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud. 13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted. 14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics. 15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields! 16.?Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom. 17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory. 18.Theregoesthebell. 19.?Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere. 20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.
21.?IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool! 22.?Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain. 23.?OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis. 24.?“Heworksparticularlyhard.”?“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”
25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother. 26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements. ??十五。动词搭配 1.addto增加,增进 ?add…to把…加进… ?addup相加
?addupto总计,所有这一切说明
?1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything. ?2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary. ?3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.
?4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________. ?(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up) 2.breakawayfrom打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉 ?breakdown出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开 ?breakoff暂停,中断 ?breakin强行进入,插话 ?breakinto闯入
breakintopieces成为碎片 ?breakout爆发
?breakup捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散
?breakthrough突破
?1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______?______thepoliceandranintothewoods. ?2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried. ?3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.
?4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee? ?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?
?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen. ?(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up) 3.bringup抚养,呕吐,提出 ?bringabout造成 ?bringout拿出,出版 ?bringin引入,引进,挣钱 ?bringback使回想起 ?bringdown使下降,使倒下
?1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.
?2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish. ?3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays. ?4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding? ?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan. ?6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting. ?7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.
?8)Nextmonththeywill?bring________aneweditionof?thebook. (down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out) 4.callon号召,拜访(某人) callat拜访、参观(某地) callfor去叫某人,要求,需要
callup使回忆起,征召入伍 callin召集,请某人来 callout大喊,高叫 calloff取消,不举行
1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.
2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight. 3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou. 4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer. 5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain. (in,for,at,out,off) 5.comeabout发生,出现
comedown下跌,落,降,传下来 comein进来
comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) comeon来临/快点 comeout出版,结果是 comealong一道来,赶快
cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒,合计,总共是 comeover走过来 comeup发芽,走近 comeacross偶然碰到 comeback回想起 comefrom来自,源自
1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.
2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap. 3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.
4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate. 5)Hecame__________melikeatiger.
6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear. 7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago.
8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob. 9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars.
10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven'tcome__________yet. (for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up) 6.cutacross抄近路 cutdown砍倒,削减
cutoff切断,割掉,断绝关系 cutup连根拔除,切碎 through剪断,凿穿 cutout删(省)掉,戒掉 cutin插嘴
1)Don'tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.
2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness. 3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor(旷野)tothevillage. 4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces.
5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill. 6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________. (down,down,across,up,off,in)
7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因) diefrom死于(意外事故、情形) dieaway渐渐消逝 dieout绝种
diedown(炉火)渐熄 dieoff逐一死去 8.fallbehind落后 falloverone'sfeet跌跤 falldown掉下,跌倒 fallback撤退,后退
1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk. 2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers.
3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage. 4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken. (down,behind,back,over) 9.goinfor从事,喜爱,参加 gothrough通过,经受 goover复习,检查
goup(价格)上涨,建造起来 goafter追捕,追赶 goagainst违反
goahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧 goaway离开 goby时间过去
godown下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉 goon(with)继续进行 gowith相配,陪同 gowithout没有,缺少 goout外出,熄灭 goallout全力以赴
gooff爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应 gobackon背约,食言 gobeyond超出
1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears. 2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently. 3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet. 4)Let'scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______. 5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople, 6)Ican'tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty.
7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination. 8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople.
9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision. 10)Thistiedoesn'tgo___________myblueshirt. 11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______. 12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball.
(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor) 10.getdown下来,记下,使沮丧 getdownto致力于,专心于 geton进展,进步,穿上,上车 getoff脱下,下车 getin收集,插(话) getaway逃跑,逃脱,去休假
getover忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复 getalongwith进展,相处 getup起床
getthrough打通电话,完成,通过
getround消息传开 getclosetosth.接近,几乎 getinto(trouble) getto(know) getback取回,收回 getout
1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn'tget____whathesaid. 2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties. 3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit. 4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I'llgotothecinema. 5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness. 6)Don'talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.
7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience. (down,over,round,through,down,in,over) 11.giveaway赠送,泄露,出卖 giveout发出,疲劳,分发,公布 giveoff发出(光、热、气体) givein(tosb.)屈服 giveup放弃,让(座位)
1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________. 2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.
3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners. 4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies. 5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________? 6)Don'tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________. 7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.
(away,off,out,up,out,away,out) 12.handin交上,提交 handout分发 handdown流传,遗传 13.hangabout闲逛 hangup挂电话 14.holdback阻止,隐瞒 holdup举起,使停顿 holdon别挂电话,等,坚持 holdout持续,坚持,伸出 holddown控制,
1)I'msureheisholdingsomething_________.
2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried. 3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I'llcomesoon.
4)Ourfoodsupplywon'thold_________formorethanafewdays. 5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.
6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity'spopulation. 7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please. (back,back,on,out,up,down,up) 15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持, keepupwith跟上
keepoff(grass)不接近,离开
keepawayfrom避开,不接近,离…远远的 keepoutof
keepto(rules,promise)坚持,遵守 keepon继续,坚持下来
keepback阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下 keepfrom克制,阻止
1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher. 2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords. 3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears. 4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone. 5)\"Don'ttouchme,\"screamedthewoman,\"Keep__________!\" 6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.
7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou'llsucceedintheend. 8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.
9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame. 10)Ican'tkeep________witheverythingyou'redoing. (away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up) 16.knockat/on敲
knockinto撞到某人身上 knockdown撞倒 knockoutof把…敲出 knockover撞倒
knockoff停止工作,休息
1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________. 2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.
3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors. 4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere. (down,off,on,into) 17.leavefor离开前往 leaveout删去,遗漏
leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走 leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于 leaveover遗留,剩下,延期
1)\"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?\"demandedtheteacher. 2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.
3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________. 4)Don'tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow. 5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow. 6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory. (out,to,behind,over,over,over) 18.lookup查找,向上看 lookthrough翻阅,浏览 lookon旁观 lookon…as看作 lookinto调查
lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找 lookout(for)当心
lookabout/around/round四下查看 lookdownupon瞧不起 lookbackupon回忆,回顾 lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人 lookabintheface/eyes直视某人
1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents'papers. 2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.
3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim. 4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.
5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours. 6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible. 7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing. (through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round) 19.makeup编造,配制,打扮,组成 makeupfor弥补 makeinto/of/from制成
makeout弄懂,发现,看出,填写,开列(清单) makefor走向,驶往,促使
1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit? 2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London? 3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.
4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________for thedamagehehaddone.
5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve. 6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan'tmake___________whoitis. (into,for,out,up/up,up,out) 20.passaway去世 passby经过
passdown(on)…to传给 passthrough经历 passover漠视,忽视
1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather'sgrandfather. 2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace. 3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.
4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.
(down,away,through,over) 21.payback还钱,报复
payfor付钱,为…受到惩罚,因…得到报应 payoff还清
1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary? 2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme. 3)I'llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme. 4)Someday,you'llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday. 5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet? (for,back,back,for,off)
22.pickup拾起,获得(information),接人,站起,收听,自然习得(language /knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth) pickout挑选,辨认,看出
1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue. 2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.
3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks. 4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes. 5)Ican'tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.
6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?
7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly. (up,up,up,out,out,up,up)
pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23.putup搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下 putupwith忍受 putout伸出,扑灭 putoff推迟
putinto放进,翻译 putaway放好,存钱 putdown记下,平息
puton穿戴,上映,增加(putonweight/speed) putforward提出,提前 putthrough接通电话 putaside放到一边 putback放回
1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.
2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt(). 3)Putyourwatch__________.It'sslow. 4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.
5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension(分机)2. 6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.
7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.(摆架子) 8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice. 9)Ican'tput__________withyourlaziness. (away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up) 24.pulldown拆掉,推翻 pullon匆匆穿上/off脱
pullin进站 pullout取出,(火车)离站 pulldown往下拉,拆毁 pullover驶到一边 pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pullup(使)停住 1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance. 2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt. 3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn. 4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.
5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights. (out,down,over,through,up) 25.pushover推倒,刮倒
pushahead(on,forward)继续前进,坚持下去
pushthrough排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过
1)We'vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad 2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.
3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost.. 4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.
5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus. (on,over,through,over,through)
26.runacross偶然碰到 runafter追逐,追捕 runaway逃跑 runfor竞选 runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞 runoutof用完
1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you'llrun_________someonesomeday. 2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.
3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles? 4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?
5)Hedidn'twanttorun___________presidentthatyear. 6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties. (into,across/into,out,after,for,into) 27.seeoff送行
seethrough看透,识破 seeto照料,照管 28.sendfor派人去请
sendoff送行
sendout发出(光亮)等 sendup发射 29.setup建立
setoff出发,触发,引起 setout动身,着手(todo),陈述 setabout开始着手(doing) settowork(n.)开始做 setback拨回,使推迟
1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.
2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.
3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe'vebeentravellingeversincethen. 4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.
5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?
6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim. 7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.() (back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)
30.takeoff脱掉,起飞 takeon呈现雇佣 takeaway拿走 takein吸收,领会 takeup从事,占用(时间空间)
takedown记录,取下 takeback收回
takefor误认为 takealong随身带 takeover接管 takeout 1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty. 2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems. 3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.
4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught. 5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather'sbusiness. 6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.
7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany. (back,down,for,in,over,up,on)
takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职
31.thinkof想起 thinkof…as把…看作 thinkout想出 thinkup想出 thinkabout考虑 thinkover仔细考虑 thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好 32.turnoff/on打开
turnover翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转 turnout证明为,结果,制造成品 turnto转向,求助 turndown调低,拒绝 turnagainst变得敌视,反对 turnaway打发走,驱逐,转过脸去 turnback返回,转回去 turnround转过身来
turnup向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大 turnin上缴
turnupsidedown把倒置,弄得乱七八糟
1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort. 2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.
3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.
4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.
5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______. 6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________. 7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth. 8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse. 9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.
1 2
10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby. 11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.
(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)