初中英语语法备考大全 专题12 句子成分

要点概览 ◎主语 ◎谓语 ◎表语 ◎宾语

◎宾语补足语 ◎定语 ◎状语 ◎同位语

要点精讲 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。

一、主语

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。可以充当主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等。如：

Wang Ming is a famous scientist. 王明是著名的科学家。

Who is the man standing by the door? 站在门旁的那个人是谁？ Two plus three is five. 二加三等于五。

It is useful for us to master a foreign language. 对我们来说，掌握一门外语很重要。 Smoking does harm to the health. 吸烟有害健康。 The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。

Whether he will come to the meeting is unknown. 他是否来参加会议还不知道。 二、谓语

谓语是主语所发出的动作或存在的状态和特征。谓语可由一个动词或动词短语构成，可由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成，也可由系动词加表语构成。如：

She takes good care of her mother.她细心照料她的母亲。 He has got rid of his bad habit.他已经改掉了他的坏习惯。 You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。

You'd better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。

He has caught a bad Cold. He has to go to see a doctor.他感冒了。他必须去看医生。 She doesn't seem to 1ike dancing. 她似乎不喜欢跳舞。 We are students.我们是学生。

He looked a bit excited.他看上去有点激动。 三、表语

表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，grow，turn，seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

They are astronauts.他们是宇航员。 Is this yours? 这是你的吗?

That's all I want to tell you.我要告诉你的就是这些。 The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。

Time is up.The class is over.时间到了，下课。

My father isn't in. He is out. 我父亲不在家，他出去了。

He is always the first to enter the office.他总是第一个进办公室。

Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week.他们的计划是一周内完成这项实验。 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他激动得说不出话来。 This film is exciting. 这部电影激动人心。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 He is in prison. 他坐牢了。

He is against the plan. 他反对这项计划。

The truth is that he's never been abroad.事实是他从未出过国。

What I want to know is when we'll have the sports meet.我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动。

四、宾语

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者。用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或不定式、动名词、从句。

He is watching TV. 他在看电视。

The heavy rain prevented me from coming. 这场大雨使我未能准时到校。 You may take the first, and I’ll take the second. 你拿第一个，我拿第二个。 Young people should help the old. 年轻人应该帮助老年人。 He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。

I like listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。

He practices speaking English every day.他每天练习讲英语。 I think (that) he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。 1.直接宾语

直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。如：

Excuse me, please. Could you tell me the way to the railway station? 请问到火车站怎么走?

2.间接宾语

间接宾语表示动作所向的或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于直接宾语之后，但此时在它的前面须加介词to。:如：

The company sent us a few computers last year.公司去年给我们送了几台计算机。=The company sent a few computers to us last year.

3.复合宾语

有些动词除了接宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语与宾语补足语一起组成复合宾语，它们在逻辑上有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句，常用it作形式宾语。

They elected him their monitor.他们选他当班长。(代词十名词)

I found the baby always happy.我发现这个婴儿总是很开心。(名词+形容词)

The next day he found himself in the hospital when he woke.他第二天醒来时，发现自己在医院里。(代词+介词短语)

I often ask him to help me with my English.我经常请他帮助我学英语。(代词+动词不定式)

I find it easy to answer this question.我发现这个问题很容易回答。(“作形式宾语) 4.介词宾语

位于介词后面的宾语称作介词宾语。

In our school about three-fourths of the students are from the north.我们学校3／4的学生来自北方。

五、宾语补足语

英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和其补足语合在一起构成复合宾语。含有复合宾语句的句型为：主语+某些及物动词+宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语。

能作宾语补足语有：

1.名词(包括名词性物主代词)

His father named him Dongming.他父亲给他取名东明。

We consider Mr Zhang an excellent teacher.我们认为张先生是位优秀的老师。 注意：此类的谓语动词为name, call, think, consider等。 2.形容词及其短语

They painted their boat white.他们把船漆成白色。

We believed the report untrue.我们确认这个报告不真实。 3.不定式及其短语

E1ectricity can make a machine run.电能使机器运转。

We consider／think the answer(to be)correct.我们认为这个答案是对的。

注意：不定式作see，have，let，make，watch，notice，hear，observe等动词后的宾语补足语时，不定式不可带to。help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。

4.现在分词及其短语

We saw her entering the room.我们看见她正走进那个房间的。 I heard her singing an English song.我听见她在唱英文歌。 5.过去分词及其短语

They found Guilin greatly changed.他们发现桂林变化很大。

We saw the soldier covered with a national flag. 我们看见那个战士身上盖着一面国旗。 注意：现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是主动关系。过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关系。

6.as短语

we regard him as our teacher. 我们把他当作我们的老师。 7.介词短语

We found him in the snow, dead. 我们发现他在雪地里，死了。 8.副词

Let him in. 让他进来。 六、定语

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语一般可由形容词、分词(短语)、名词、代词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词和从句等充当。如：

Guilin is a beautiful city. 桂林是一座美丽的城市。 His parents have gone abroad.他的父母出国了。

China is a developing country and America is developed country. 中国是一个发展中国家，

美国是一个发达国家。

This is the bridge built last year. 这是去年建的那座桥。 She is a girl student. 她是一位女生。 注意：

1.名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 （1）用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会

（2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：men workers

（3）有些原有s结尾的名词作定语时，s保留。例如： clothes brush 衣刷

（4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs

2.短语作定语应放在被修饰词之后。如：

The girl in red is his sister. 那位穿红衣服的女子是他的姐姐。

The problem to be raised next week is about raising wages. 下周要提出的问题是增加工资。

七、状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。状语的种类有：时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、程度状语、比较状语等。

作状语的有副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、名词(短语)、从句等。

He runs very fast. 他跑得很快。

He has 1ived in the city for Ten years.他在那座城市住了10年。

Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask his teacher for advice. 他不知道怎么做，就去请教老师。

Wait a minute. 等一下。

Once you begin，you must continue.一旦开始，你就得继续。

八、同位语

同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词或代词、名词性短语或从句充当。

We young people should respect the old.我们年轻人应该尊重老年人。 He himself will do it. 他要自己做。

The reason that he was ill is unbelievable. 他生病这种理由不可信。 【即时体验】

1. ____ will leave for Beijing.

A. Now there the man B. The man here now

C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now 答案：C

解析：这是含有定语从句的复合句，主语是The man。 2. The weather ____.

A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold 答案：B

解析：系动词加表语结构。 3. The apple tasted ____.

A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet

答案：D

解析：tasted是系动词，sweet作表语。 4. The actor ______at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded 答案：B

解析：谓语。表示过去。

5. He found the street much ______.

A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly 答案：C

解析：过去分词作宾语补足语。

经典名题 1.—Have you seen the TV play My Ugly Mother?

—Yes, it’s well worth _________.It’s ________moving that I’ve seen it twice. A. seeing; too B. to see; enough C. seeing; so

【答案】C 句意为“—你曾经看过电视剧《丑娘》吗？—是的， 它很值得看。 它如此感人，以至于我看了两次。”第一句考查了短语be worth doing“值的做某事”，第二句考查so …that 句型“如此……以至于”故选C。 2.—________have you stayed in New York? —For about two weeks. A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How much

【答案】A 本题考查特殊疑问词选择。how soon “多久”答语用in +一段有时间；how often “多久一次”答语用twice a week等； how long“多长时间”答语用for+一段时间。答语为in +一段有时间，所以选择答案A.。

3.She’s never been to ,______? A. isn’t she B. has she C. is she D. hasn’t she

【答案】B 本题是反义疑问句的题目。前边有never“从不”，故表示否定， 后句应用肯定形式，排除A、D。“’s”在本句中是哪一个单词的缩写是答题的关键，由has been to “去过”， 这一次组可知是has的缩写，在反义疑问句中，陈述部分和疑问部分是时态是一致的，故选B。

备考要略 英语中考不可能单独考查句子成分，但是了解并熟悉句子的构成，将有助于对句子的理解。定语、状语和宾语补足语是其中的重点。

真题再现 1.(2010 重庆)—_______ have you been away from your hometown, Janet? —Since 5 years ago.

A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How often

2.(2010 重庆)They came here to have a meeting on time, ________? A. didn’t they B. did they C. don’t they D. do they 3.(2010 兰州)—______ hard work you have done! —It’s very kind of you to say so．

A．What B．How C．What a D．How a

4.(2010 大理)How______ the children are playing! They even forget the time to go home． A．happy B. happily C．unhappy D．unhappily

5.(2010 宿迁)It’s nice _______ Andy _______ me with my English study. A. at; to help B. of; to help C. with; help D. of; help 6.(2010 芜湖)_______ hard and you will make progress in English.

A. Work B. to work C. working D. worked 7. (2010 巴中) —_______ can we board our plane? — In twenty minutes.

A. How soon B. How long C. How often

8.(2010 连云港)—Have you seen the film Alice in Wonderful? —Yes．___________ wonderful film it is!

A．What B．What a C．How D．How a 9.(2010聊城)_______across the road when the traffic light is red.

A. Not go B. Not to go C. Don't go D. Can't go

10.(2010宿迁)This is _______ difficult problem that few students can work it out. A. so B. so a C. such D. such a 【答案解析】

1.B 根据答语Since 5 years ago.应该问“你离开家乡多长时间了？”，How long表示“多久、多长时间”，故选B。

2.A 本题考查了反意疑问句，前半部分是肯定的，后半部分要用否定的，又前面有动词的过去式came，故选A。

3.A 本题考查了感叹句的用法，what引导的感叹句：what+名词+主语+谓语！，根据句子的意思“你做了多么艰苦的工作啊！”，故选A。

4.B 本题考查了How引导的感叹句，How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语！又playing 是动词，要用副词来修饰，故选B。

5.B 根据句子的意思“Andy真是太好了帮我学习英语。”，应用基本句式：It’s +形容词+of sb+ to do sth.故选B。

6.A 根据句子的意思“努力学习你会在英语方面取得进步。”故选A。

7. A 答语in + 一段时间，表示一段时间之后，故应用特殊疑问词how soon, 因此答案为A。

8. B 本题考查了what引导的感叹句。解题思路：What +a\\ an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！故选B。

9. C 本题考查了祈使句的否定结构。祈使句的否定结构在句首加Don’t，因此答案为C。 10. D such+ a/an+单数名词+ that，表示“多么……的……以致于……”，故选D。

专项练习 一、单项选择

1. The apple tasted___.

A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet 2. He got up ___yesterday morning.

A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter 3. The actor ___ at the age of 70.

A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded 4. I think ___ necessary to learn English well.

A. its B. it C. that D. that is 5. I will never forget the day ___ I joined the army.

A. that B. when C. in which D. where 6. Paul doesn't have to be made _____. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 7. --____ my glasses?

--Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.

A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen 8. It is wise to have some money ___ for old age.

A. put away B. kept up C. given away D. laid up

9. Your performance in the driving test didn't reach the required standard. ___, you failed. A. In the end B. after all C. In other words D. at the same time 10. The ___ is just around the comer and you won't miss it.

A. bicycle's shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles' shop 二、根据汉语完成句子。

1.对许多外国人来说使用筷子是很难的。

It’s______ for many foreigners __ use Chinese chopsticks. 2.明天下雨怎么办？

____ _____it rains tomorrow? 3.为什么不找她谈一谈呢？

Why ______ _____ a talk with her? 4. 从广州开车到清远需要多长时间？

How long does _______ _______ to drive from Guangzhou to Qingyuan？ 5. 到处湿漉漉的。天气真糟糕！

It's wet everywhere. _______ _______the weather is!

6. You’d better put on the sunglasses to _____________________(遮挡阳光). 7. Some leaves _______________(落到水里) and remained there for some time.

8. In her spare time, Amy ____________________(用旧电视机做玩具) and sells them to raise money for the Children’s Hospital.

9. 我们知道昆明一年四季都很暖和。

We know the weather is warm _________ __ round in Kunming. 10. 孩子们，请随便吃水果。

Boys and girls,__________ ___________ to some fruit.

参 一、单项选择

1. D 在本句中tasted是系动词，后面跟形容词作表语，故选D。

2. B根据句子的意思“昨天早晨他起床很晚。”，got up是动词短语，要用副词来修饰，故选B。

3. B根据句子的意思“那个演员在70岁时去逝了。”，是一个一般过去时的句子，故选B。

4. B根据句子的意思“我认为学好英语很必要。”，本句中it 作to learn English well的形式主语，故选B。

5. B根据句子的意思“我将永远不会忘记我参军的日子。”这是一个when引起的时间状语从句，故选B。

6. B 这是一个被动语态的句子，要带to，故选B。

7. D 根据答语“一分钟前我看见它在床上。”，应该问“你看见过我的眼镜吗？”故选D。 8. A根据句子的意思“为上了年纪储存一些钱是明智的。”，故选A。

9. C根据前句“在驾驶考试中你的表现没有达到要求的标准。”后句应是“换句话说，你失败乃成功了。”，故选C。

10. B “自行车商店bicycle shop”要用单数，故选B。 二、根据汉语完成句子

1. hard/difficult; to 2. What if 3. not have 4. it take 5. How bad\\ terrible 6 keep out/off/away from the sun/sunshine/sunlight 7. fell into the water 8. makes toys out of/from/ old TVs/TV sets (uses old TV sets to make toys) 9. all the year 10. help yourselves