Advanced English Book 1 Lesson 9

1. Mark Twain: biography, works and writing style 2. the Mississippi River 3. Civil War

4. Westward Movement 5. Gold rush

6. American geography 7. Philippine Moros 8. The Innocent Abroad 9. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 10. The Adventures of Huckberry Finn 12 The Mysterious Stranger II. Introduction to the Passage

1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition 2. The purpose of a piece of exposition: --- to inform or explain

3. Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:

--- comparison, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc. 4. The central thought or thesis 5. The organization of the Passage III. Effective Writing Skills:

1. The requirements of writing a summary

2. Using many elliptical and short, simple sentences to achieve certain effect IV. Rhetorical Devices:

1. Antithesis 2. Alliteration

3. Personification 4. Euphemism 5. Metonymy 6. Hyperbole 7. Metaphor V. Special Difficulties

1. compound nouns and compound adjectives 2. Paraphrasing some sentences 3. Identifying rhetorical devices 4. Translating some sentences 5. Understanding English dialects VI. Questions

1. Why does the writer consider Mark Twain a mirror of America?

2. Why is Mark Twain one of America’s best-loved authors

3. Give a brief account of Mark Twain’s experience before he became a writer. 4. When did Mark Twain become a pilot on a steamboat?

5. What story did he write that made him known as “the wild humorist of the Pacific

slope”?

VII. Classroom activities

1. Pair work: give an account of the life story of Mark Twain

2. Group discussion: the organization of the passage

3. Presentation: Understanding on Mark Twain—the person and his works

VIII. Assignment

1. Group study: a comparative analysis of Mark Twain and the acid-tongued Chinese

writer-Lu Xun. 2. Writing a composition: Mark Twain in My Eye. IX. Quiz

X. Suggested readings

Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County by Mark Twain

XI. Objectives

1． To learn the life story of Mark Twain and his contribution to literature; 2． To have a general idea of American history; 3． To recognize new rhetorical devices; 4． To learn the skill of writing a biography.

选用教材：由张汉熙主编、外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》第一册 Book One Lesson 9

Information searching: Civil War

The Adventure of Huck Finn The Adventure of Tom Sawyer The Innocents Abroad Gold rush

Westward expansion Mississippi river San Francisco Title:

Q: Why does the author compare Mark Twain to a “mirror”?

Mirror means one who gives a true representation or description of the country. All literary giants in human history are also great historians, thinkers and philosophers whose works often reveal more truly than many political essays put together. People always remember their names. Mark Twain was one of those giants and his life and works are a mirror of the US of his time. Para. 1

Q: Why was Mark Twain well-known in US?

What is the use of the four adjs by the writer in this para.? (mainly about Mark Twain’s writing style) What kind of Mark Twain did the writer find? What figures of speech are used? Expressions:

father: (metaphor) author, one who created the two unforgettable characters in the two greatest works of Mark Twain.

eternal boyhood: (hyperbole) the forever lasting boyhood of Huck Finn 永恒的童年 idyllic: simple and pleasant, extremely happy, beautiful and peaceful 纯朴美妙的

an ~ landscape 田园诗般的

an ~ description 抒情诗般的

cruise: voyage by ship for pleasure 乘船旅游

endless summer: (hyperbole and parallel) because all Tom’s adventures described in the book are

supposed to have taken place in one particular summer. 永无休止的夏天 every bit as: altogether, entirely 非常,完全

Eg: He is ~ as intelligent as the top boy in his class. 他的聪明劲儿丝毫不亚于班上的第一名男生. ~ as good/important/annoying as sb or sth else

(indicating emphatically they are just as adj as others)

Q: In what ways was Mark Twain adventurous, patriotic, romantic and humorous?

adventurous: Mark Twain was adventurous in every sense of the word. He was always trying new

things and always going to new places. Even in his literary career, he was never satisfied with his achievements.

patriotic: it refers to his profound love for his country with his robust people and beautiful

scenery and its lofty ideas. It may also refer to his pride in the American traditions and language.

romantic: in arts, literature and music, it is marked by feeling rather than by intellect, preferring

grandeur, passion, informal beauty to order and proportion. In literature, it is a style

which emphasizes the importance of personal feelings and nature. The style was

popular in the 18 and the beginning of the 19 centuries.

humorous: his works are so full of humor that he is considered America’s greatest humorist. cynical: state of seeing no good in anything or not believing in human progress, sarcastic,

sneering 愤世嫉俗的 cynic: a cynical person, who believes that people care only about themselves and are not sincere

or honest, one who expects things not to be successful and useful. bitter: sharp, showing envy, hatred 尖利, 辛辣 deal: give out 给,分发

be obsessed with: be preoccupied with false ideas, be distressed by worries 忧心忡忡, 烦扰

Eg: He is ~ with the fear of poverty. the idea of approaching death.

the fear of unemployment.

a black wall of night: (metaphor) hopelessness and despair 对前途悲观失望

frailty: the quality of being weak, fragile, weakness, the condition of having a weak character or

weak moal standards 脆弱 Eg: the ~ of human life 生命的脆弱 ~s of mankind 人类的弱点

One of the ~s of human nature is laziness. female ~ 女性的脆弱 It was wrong to exploit her ~.

Paraphrase:

1. Huck Finn’s simple and pleasant journey through his boyhood which seems eternal 2. I found another aspect of Twain.

3. continually distressed by the moral weakness of the human race.

Main idea:

In most people’s eyes, Mark Twain was a great humorous writer. The writer here wants to tell readers sth different about Twain. Rhetorical devices:

Metaphor: father, a black wall of night Hyperbole: eternal boyhood, endless summer

Alliteration and parallel: eternal boyhood, endless summer Para. 2

Q: What did Mark Twain do before becoming a writer? Why did he adopt Mark Twain as his pen name?

th

th

What does it mean?

Expressions:

tramp printer: a printer who wanders from one place to another流动印刷厂工人 tramper: a person who has no home or job, wanders from place to place

river pilot: steer man, one to direct or steer ships into a harbor or through difficult waters 领航员 confederate: joined together by an agreement or treaty 联邦的

prospector: one who explores a region searching for gold or other valuable ores 淘金者,探矿者 starry-eyed: full of unreasonable or silly hopes, impractical romantic, dreamy, with eyes

sparkling in a glow of wonder 过分乐观的, 不切实际的 optimist: sb who tends to expect that good things will happen acid-tongued: sharp, sarcastic in speech 尖刻的 digest; take into the mind, think over 细想

navigable: (of river or sea) suitable for ships 可通航的 attest to: prove, give a clear proof of 证明

Eg: He was drunk, his loud laughter ~ing to that.

The handwriting expert ~ed to the genuineness of the signature. The fingerprints on the gun ~ed to his guilt.

This ~s to his honesty.

~ to the truth of his statement Paraphrase:

1. wandered or traveled across the nation.

2. Twain lived in the stirring years in US history: American Mexican War, the Civil War, the

Gold Rush, the western expansion, the American Spanish War, the rapid development of capitalism and later the emergence of imperialism along with the first economic depressions etc.

3. when denoting professional status, sometimes, no article (冠词)is used esp. when two or more

are mentioned together, eg: soldier and statesman, poet and diarist

Notice: the first four noun phrases refer to his jobs and the last two refer to his personality. They

are all appositions to “man”.

Para. 3

Q: How important was the Mississippi River at that time? (importance in transportation and settled area of America)

Expressions:

artery: main road or river in a system of transportation 动脉, 交通动脉

keelboat: a large shallow freight boat with keel(a chief timber or steel piece extending along the

entire length of the bottom of the boat to support the frame) 龙骨船, 货运船 flatboat: boat with flat bottom 平底船

raft: flat floating structure with rough timber 木筏子 commerce: merchandize, commodities lumber: roughly prepared wood 木材

timber: wood that has been sawn into planks, boards 木板

In AmE, timber is wood for building houses in form of trees In BriE, timber means lumber

delta: the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet, looking like a triangle, anything in the shape of a delta,

a deposit of sand, soil formed at the mouth of some rivers, an area where a river divides into several small rivers that flow into the sea三角洲

eg: the Nile ~

molasses: thick, dark sweet liquid for cooking drained from raw sugar, BrE: treacle糖浆

basin: area of country drained by a river, a large area of land whose surface water all flows into a

particular river or lake流域, 盆地 drain: draw off, consume totally; 耗尽 receive the waters of the area and carry them to the ocean;

排去 make up 占据

remove water from land Paraphrase;

1. the main channel of transportation in the young nation’s central part.(metaphor)

2. when America became independent, there were only 13 states along the Atlantic Ocean. By

1848, the US had expanded to the Pacific coast. In 1848, gold was found in California, and the news spread fast and wide and people rushed there to seek their fortune. The gold rush reached its climax in the 1860’s.

3. the river made a vast basin where 3/4 of the American settlers lived at that time in US; the river drained a vast basin, and the basin made up 3/4 of the populated area of the US of that time. Para. 4

Q: What did Twain learn as a young pilot? What kinds of story did he hear?

What effect did his experience have on his writing? What figures of speech are used? (metaphor, simile) Expressions:

cub: young beast, ill-mannered young man 幼兽, 不懂事的年轻人

the cast of characters: the set of actors in a play or movie, people of all sorts 各式各样的人 cosmos: universe, a place where one can find all types of characters 大千世界, 宇宙

pilothouse: an enclosed place on the upper deck of a boat in which the pilot stands while steering,

steer man’s shelter 操舵室 feud: bitter quarrel between two persons, families or countries over a long period of time piracy: robbery of ships on the high seas

lynch: put to death without a lawful trial, the murder of an accused without trial

(Ku Klux Klan: a American secret society of the white people in the south after Civil War. It is an anti-black people terrorist society, declared illegal in 1871.)

medicine show: show given by entertainers who travel from town to town, accompanied by

quacks and fake Indians, selling medicine. savage slum: slums that are crude, lack polish or are violently lawless slum: streets with badly-built, dirty and crowded houses soak up: absorb, take in eg: A sponge ~s up water.

To ~ up knowledge;

He ~s up facts as fast as the teacher gives them.

Paraphrase:

1. He was very much involved in this life. He had all kinds of experience.

2. The colorful language that he took in mentally with a good memory that seemed to be able to

record things like a phonograph (gramophone).(simile) Rhetorical devices:

Metaphor: cast of characters, cosmos, soak up Simile: phonographic Para. 5

Q: What did Twain learn about human nature? How did it influence his later writing?

Expressions:

teem with: have in great numbers, be full of animals or people who are moving around充满 Eg: The river ~s with fish.

Fish ~s in this river.

His head ~s with clever ideas.

The book ~s with blunders. 错误百出 current: stream of water 主流

flotsam: parts of a wrecked ship or its cargo floating in the sea, things flowing in the sea, parts of

a ship that has sunk

an insulting word for people who have no home or job 渣滓 hustlers: AmE: prostitute, streetwalker, one who does things quickly, whore 妓女 thugs: violent criminals

keen perception: intense insight, understanding or knowledge gained by observing 敏锐的认识 acquaint sb with: make familiar with 使熟悉

make oneself ~ed with sth be ~ed with sb 认识

Eg: I’m not personally ~ed with the lady. be directly ~ed with 直接了解

be little ~ed with the art of poetry 知知甚少 be really ~ed with 真正了解

be scarcely ~ed with 几乎不了解

be thoroughly ~ed with every aspect of the question 彻底了解问题的各个方面 be well ~ed with history 精通历史

be widely ~ed with 交际甚广

be ~ed with the ways of the people 了解民情 to ~ sb with sth

I ~ed him with my intention. 把意图告诉他

to ~ western readers with the present status of China 了解我国的现状

Wherever they went, they tried to ~ themselves with folk music. 了解民间音乐

Paraphrase:

1. Steamboat decks were filled with people of pioneering spirit (people who explored and

prepared the way for others), and also lawless people or social outcasts such as… 2. difference between words and deeds, between what they preach and what they practice;

people often claim to be kind, generous, honest, whereas in reality, they are seldom what they say they are.

3. having continuous effects, significance Rhetorical devices: metaphor: current; flotsam

Para. 6

Q: Why did Twain leave the river country? What did he do then?

Why did he leave the army?

What tone is used to describe the guerrillas? (humorously sarcastic) Expressions:

motley: of varied character, composed of many elements, various 混杂的

consisting of many different types of people or things that do not seem to belong together. Paraphrase:

1. because of railroads, there was no more demand for steamboat pilots. 2. He served as a soldier, he experienced with soldiering.

3. With a group of Confederate guerrillas of various sorts, not a formal army with well-trained soldiers.

4. Constantly and carefully avoided clashes with the enemy, avoided fighting or

retreated (euphemism)

Para. 7

Q: Did he make a fortune in gold rush? Why? Why should the literature world feel grateful? Expressions:

stagecoach: horse drawn public vehicle 马车

succumb to: yield to, give way to, submit to, die of 屈从

Eg: In the end, he ~ed to the temptation.

The president ~ed to the pressure of his opponents. to ~ to a heart attack 死于心脏病 to difficulties 陷入困境 to one’s enemy 屈服 to grief 陷入悲伤

to irresistible force 屈服于不可抵抗的力量 to one’s injures 因受伤而死去 to one’s persuasion 被说服

epidemic; disease widespread among many people in the same place for a time 流行性疾病 Eg: the ~ of burglary 一夜盗事件蜂起 an ~ of railway accident 事故频繁 an ~ of riots 事件频繁发生

an ~ of buying goods on the installment plan 盛行用分期付款方法购物 flirt with: make love without serious intention, play at love 玩弄,调戏

Eg: to ~ with danger/ death 把危险当儿戏/玩命

He’s been ~ing with the idea of going abroad.

The candidate ~ed with the liberal wing of the party. 他与自由派半真半假地拉关系 She ~s with every handsome man she meets. colossal: immense, enormous

rebuff: refuse bluntly, reject 断然拒绝 to ~ a suggestion Paraphrase:

1.gave way to the prevailing gold and silver fever, joined in the gold rush.

2. He tried but not very hard or persistently enough to get the enormous wealth available to those

lucky and persistent ones, and he failed.

3. If Twain had not accepted this job as reporter, literature might have lost that literary giant.

Therefore, literature world is forever grateful to this turn of events. ( This is adv of result, like:

to one’s surprise/satisfaction/disappointment/pleasure/delight/honor/etc Rhetorical devices:

1. metaphor built by words like: succumb, epidemic, fever; comparing gold rush

to an infectious disease spreading fast. 2. metaphor formed by words: flirt, lucky, persistent, rebuff which are associated

with love affairs, comparing seeking gold to seeking love of a girl.

Para. 8

Expressions:

strike: the sudden discovery of some mineral ores意外发现 Eg; to ~ gold, oil etc.

mighty; powerful, profitable 有力,有利

then and now: 今昔 other similar phrases: here and there up and down in and out back and forth high and low

right and left day and night

hotbed: a place that fosters rapid growth or extensive activity, a place or condition where growth

and development of usu. undesirable state or activity go on

a place where there are a lot of people involved in a particular activity温床

Eg: ~ of war战争的摇篮/crime犯罪的温床/corruption/argument ~ of invention, ~ of genius Paraphrase:

1.working hard to gain regional fame, to become well known locally

2.He did not succeed in his reporting job and became rich overnight as a gold miner might have done at that time by discovering gold.

3.His reporting brought him more money than his unsuccessful mining or prospecting might have. 4.Who are likely to succeed.

Rhetorical devices:

Metonymy: substitution of names which have close relations.借代 pen: news reporting, writing pickax: attempt in gold mining metaphor: hotbed

the use of digging: linking to his former job Para. 9

Q: Why did he have to leave the city? What does “muscles” refer to?

How did he comment on the settlers?

What are the characteristics of those who went to the west?

What kind of people were left in the east? Expressions:

hone: n. stone used for sharpening tool磨刀石

v. sharpen with a hone, exercise, improve one’s skill at doing sth by exercising

磨刀 磨练训练 scathing: bitterly severe 尖刻的,严厉的 ~ criticism; ~ ridicule

column: article by a particular writer that regularly appears in a newspaper or magazine专栏文章 rough country: rocky, wild overgrown, not easy to travel荒凉的

ring: sound, produce as by sounding a specific impression on the hearers听起来,听上去 eg: The dream ~s true.

rush sth through: carry sth out, develop sth at high speed势如破竹地干到底 dash and daring: energy and courage

recklessness: not thinking of consequences鲁莽

the grave world: the dull, solemn, dignified people of other states in the USA庄重的 all over: (collo) as one characteristically is, typical of地地道道的特色 Eg: This is Pro. Zhang ~.他的特点正是如此

Paraphrase:

1.Twain exercised and experimented with his new writing ability.

2.on the Sacramento River, some 70 miles north of San Francisco, formerly a colony set up by John Sutto from Switzerland in 1839, where gold was found in 1848 and the gold rush started the following year.

3.because all the slow, dull and lazy people stayed at home, hence implying that all those who came pioneering out west were energetic, courageous and reckless people.

4. His articles about the settlers make modern world people who know very well the pineering spirits of the west coast feel familiar.

5. Made California famous for, gave California a reputation for

6. Starting, contriving or organizing astonishing undertakings, esp. One that needs courage or

offers difficulties

7. Regardless of money, time, and effort and disregard for risks or adverse consequences 8. When she(California) proposes or makes plans for a new surprise—unexpected or usu.

enterprises or undertakings 9. They took it for granted, they did not show respect for California at all. 10. That’s typical of California. That is just like California. Rhetorical devices: Metaphor: hone muscles

Alliterations: slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloth stays dash and daring

cost and consequences Para.10

Q: What’s the use of the notebook for Twain?

Oral work: expand the note into a story in standard English Expressions:

Angels Camp: a mining camp

notation: note to assist the memory笔录

entry: item in the notebook条目 shot: tiny lead balls铅粒 Paraphrase:

It’s an outline for his story with careless sentences structures. Para. 11

Q: How did Twain become known as wild humorist of the Pacific Slope?

In what way was his writing style wild?

(His language was wild, rough rather than refined and graceful. He wrote about the wild western land. He named the frog after a famous politician at that time.) wild: not easily restrained or controlled, rough 任性的 Para. 12

Q: Where is Holy land?

What does the old world refer to?

What is a pleasure cruise? (a voyage for pleasure of sight seeing by ship) What is a milestone?

Expressions:

Holy land: Palestine region on the east coast of the Mediterranean, the country of the Jews in

biblical times. The place where Christ preached and lived.圣地 milestone: sth marking a new stage in history 里程碑

of sorts: of a sort, in a way, in a sense (it suggests that what is referred to here does not really

deserve the name) 某种意义上， 勉强称得上 Eg: He is a historian ~.蹩脚的

He could speak English ~.勉强

correspondent: person who writes local news or special articles to a newspaper通讯员 travelogue: lecture or article on travels旅行见闻讲座或文章 Paraphrase:

1.take a typical American look, to look at the Old World from a typical American point of view Para. 13

Q: How did Twain satire the Turkey ruler?

Why did The Innocent Abroad 傻子出国旅行记become an instant best seller? Expressions:

the Sultan of Turkey: the ruler of Turkey

abler men: men better, wiser than the ruler of Turkey

debunk: reveal the truth by stripping away false sentiment, tradition; expose 揭露 revere: v. have deep respect for, regard as sacred 崇敬

Eg: ~d grandfather; to ~ virtue

Paraphrase:

1. It shows Twain’s contempt for the sultan of Turkey.

2. He exposed the pretensions of respected artists and the false glamour of art treasures. He did

this as if unintentionally and in a casual manner.

3. ridiculed the holy land; attacked the holy land orally. (metaphor) 4. America laughed with him.(exaggeration, synecdoche) Information about the Innocents Abroad (1869):

In this book, Twain combined serious passages (history, statistics, descriptions, explanations and arguments) with humorous ones. Humor is the chief attraction of the book to the American readers. Twain sharply satirized tourists who had no ideas of the lands they saw except what the guide books fed them. He assumed the role of a sharp-eyed shrewd westerner with grass-roots common sense, who was refreshingly honest and vivid in describing foreign scenes and his reaction to them. It’s probable that Americans liked the implication that an unsophisticated Yankee could judge the old world as well as any man.

Para. 14-15

Q: How long did it take Twain to write Tom Sawyer? Why is Tom Sawyer a must in American schools? What kind of boy is Tom? Expressions:

mischievous: naughty, full of trick 顽皮的 daring: adventurous,

ingenuity: cleverness and skill, originality 机灵

innocence: quality of being unsophisticated, simple, naïve 天真 classical: of proved value because of having passed the test of time 经典 Paraphrase:

1. Tom’s girl friend

2. as the Declaration of Independence is sure to be studied in American schools. Para. 16-17

Q: How is this para. connected with the above one? What kind of boy is Huck Finn? Expressions:

the juvenile pariah: a homeless boy, a young social outcast

pariah: (an Indian word) a member of the lowest social outcast流浪者 Indian caste system: an inherited socio-religious rank

1. Brahmin (priest)

2. Ksatriya (noble warrior) 3. Vaisya (merchant or farmer) 4. Sudra (worker)

5. Pariah (untouchable, social outcast)

flee: run away

puritanical: very strict and severe in matters of moral and religion 清教徒似的 panorama: wide, uninterrupted view全景

Eg: The book gives a ~ of life in England 400 years ago.生活全貌 to obtain a ~ of its gradual historical development a ~ seen from the windows of the hotel

watch the great ~ of city life 形形色色的城市生活 A ~ of English history英国通史 Paraphrase:

1. after 6 chapters in the book, from Chapter 7,

2. Towards the end of the book, Huck was adopted by the kind-hearted widow Douglas who was

determined to have him and turn him into “respectable” boy. But Huck could not stand it.

Eventually, he ran away to seek his freedom.

3. a moving and constantly changing picture for close examination of American society. Information about Huck Finn:

Huckleberry Finn was published in 1884. This is Twain’s finest creation, a symbol of simple honesty and conscience.

Huck lacks Tom’s imagination. He is a simple boy with little education., the son of the town drunkard, a homeless river rat, cheerful in his rags, suspicious of every attempt to civilize him. Nature gave him a staunch and faithful heart, friendly to all underdogs and instantly hostile to bullies and all shapes of overmastering power. He is obviously a universal character, the free soul that every boy would wish to be before the world breaks him.

The book is a loosely-strung series of adventures and can be viewed as the story of a quest for freedom and an escape from what society requires in exchange for success.

Hemingway said: “All American literature begins with one book: Huckleberry Finn”.

The theme of the novel: 1. attacking savage feudal system, hypocritical religion and evil slavery

system

2. praising the virtue of the boy

3. presenting a view of American life Para. 18

Q: What did Twain want to express through Huck Finn? From what did Mark Twain want to escape? Expressions:

find expression in sth: be expressed in 在 中表现出来 Eg: Her feelings at last found expression in tears.

This desire for freedom found expression in the French Revolution.

deplore: say that one’s filled with sorrow or regret for, condemn为之痛惜，指责 life’s regulations: life’s regular activities 清规戒律 energy-sapping: energy consuming sap: v. drain away

clamor: loud confused noise or short 喧嚣 Paraphrase:

1. By describing the river (the Mississippi) and esp. Huck Finn, Twain best expressed the desire

of escape. 2. described the life of American people along the river. Para. 19

Q: What did Twain think of the American people?

What is the missing element according to Mark Twain? Expressions:

ingredient: one of the parts of a mixture 成分，因素

Eg: the ~s of a cake; the ~s of a man’s character robust: adj. vigorous, healthy 有活力的

lay oneself/sth on the shelf: put in a state of disuse, temporarily put aside 搁置一旁， 暂不使用

Eg: The question is put on the shelf. 素之高阁

She never married; she’s been left on the shelf. 嫁不出去了 edge: an advantage that makes sb. or sth more successful than others

Paraphrase:

.1. relax, rest or stay away from all this crazy struggle for success occasionally and keep our edges sharp. Twain thinks the American should keep their daring and enterprising spirit.

(Over the years, Twain had invested a great deal of money in unsuccessful ventures and in 13, he found himself deeply in debt. To make up for his losses, he had to lecture his way around the world.) Para. 20

Q: How many family members did Twain lose? Expression:

haunt: v. occur repeatedly 常发生

Eg: She was ~ed by sad memories.

Poverty and poor health ~ed the famous musician.

The old man said that castle was ~ed by ghosts.

pneumonia: serious illness of the lung that makes it difficult to breathe 肺炎

meningitis a serious illness that affects the outer part of the brain脑膜炎

epilepsy a serious illness that affects the brain and makes one suddenly shake in an uncontrolled

way or become unconscious癫痫症 bathtub: container in which one sits to bathe 浴盆 Paraphrase:

Personal tragedies occurred repeatedly throughout his life. Para. 21

Q: Why did Twain become bitter late in life? Expressions:

feed on: (personification) eat up, eat sth as food eg: She seemed to ~ on his despair.

padded with humor: covered, stuffed, filled with humor 充满幽默 The Mysterious Stranger 神秘的陌生人

illusion: seeing sth that doesn’t really exist, a wrong or false belief or idea 幻觉 moralize: tell people how they should behave 说教

the gloves come off: (derived from the idiom): an iron hand in a velvet glove, meaning

ruthlessness concealed by good manners, soft speech内柔外刚，笑里藏刀 Paraphrase:

1. The man who had made the world laugh was himself consumed/eaten by bitterness.

2. Now he became mercilessly bitter and satirical.

Para. 22

Q: What rhetorical devices are used? (Parallel, antithesis, euphemism, repetition of negative expressions of no, nothing )

Expression:

crumble: break, fall into small pieces破碎 Eg: ~ bread; hopes that ~ to dust

a crushing sense of despair: an overwhelming sense of despair 极其绝望 of no consequence: of no importance, of no value

lament: feel or express deep sorrow for, mourn or grieve for 哀悼 Writing features:

1. It is an exposition in time order: 1. before writing

2. after writing 3. later life

2. using rhetorical devices like: simile, metaphor, personification, exaggeration, metonymy, euphemism, alliteration, parallel, antithesis 3. using quotations

4. using linking expressions like time expressions and repeating expressions 5. using list of nouns or adjs.

Exercise VIII:

1.romantic: 浪漫的full of, dominated by thoughts, feelings and attitudes, characteristic or suitable for romance; passionate, adventurous, idealistic eg: a ~ girl, a ~ night

2. sentimental: 多愁善感的relating to emotion of a kind that is felt in a nostalgic 怀旧的 or tender mood or emotion that is exaggerated, affected, foolish

3. humorous: having or expressing humor, funny, amusing or comical 4. witty: cleverly amusing, intelligent, clever 5. cynic: a cynical person

6. critic: a person whose profession is to write comments on books, music etc. for a newspaper or magazine, or one who indulges in fault finding 7. claim: state as a fact or as one’s belief 8. proclaim: announce officially

9. demand: (an economic term) desire for a commodity together with ability to pay for it; vs. supply

10. need: a general term

11. halt: more specific than stop: meaning a temporary stop 12. mistreatment: being treated wrongly or badly, unfairly

13. ill-treatment: (fl)being treated unkindly, cruelly or brutally虐待

eg: The foreign experts were mistreated during the Cultural Revolution. The couple were charged with ill-treatment of their daughter. 14. dreary: gloomy, cheerless, dull, dismal, causing low spirit eg: ~ work, ~ weather

15. tedious: boring, monotonous, wearisome, long or verbose

eg: ~ speech; ~ job

16. pleasure cruise: one for pleasure or sightseeing, a tourist voyage

17. pleasant cruise: a voyage (not necessarily a tourist one) which is pleasant

18. correspondent: a reporter hired by a magazine or newspaper to supply news or articles， 通讯记者 more specific than reporter (one who writes articles or make broadcasts about events in the

news for TV or radio) 19 robust: more than healthy, strong and healthy, full of vigor

20. desperation:因绝望而冒险，孤注一掷地拼命 the state of being ready to do anything, being desperate (rash or violent resulting from despair (loss of hope) 绝望 the worry and anger that sb feels because they do not know how to deal with a bad situation eg: The criminal shot at the policeman in desperation.

21. despair: the feeling that a situation is so bad that nothing you can do will change it eg: She committed suicide in despair.