农业节水灌溉与发展

农业节水灌溉与发展

摘要: 水是生命的源泉，水是维系社会进步、生态环境和人类文明的基础因素,。而我国水资源严重匮乏,农业节约水灌溉技术仍未得到很好的普及利用。我们必须进一步提高认识,抓紧完善节水灌溉的规划设计,大力推进节水灌溉技术的研究、生产和应用,以更好地服务“三农”,推进社会的现代化进程。

[论文关键词]节水灌溉;管理体制;措施

绪论：

我国部分地区水资源的开发利用程度已经超过了水资源和水环境的承载能力,地下水漏斗区扩大、水污染加剧、生态环境恶化等一系列问题,成为水资源可持续利用和经济社会可持续发展的严重制约因素,加快建设节水防污型社会是必然的选择。。我国农业灌溉用水量大,效率低下和溉灌用水浪费的问题普遍存在。目前全国灌溉水利用率约为43%,单方水粮食生成率只有10公斤左右,大大低于发达国家灌溉水利用率70%～80%,单方水粮食生产率20公斤以上的水平。通过采用现代节水灌溉技术改造传统灌溉农业,实现适时适量的“精细灌溉”,具有重要的现实意义。

一. 节水灌溉技术含义及体系

节水灌溉技术是比传统的灌溉技术明显节约用水和高效用水的灌水方法，措施和制度等的总称。灌溉用水从水源到田间，到被作物吸收、形成产量，主要包括水资源调配、输配水、田间灌水和作物吸收等四个环节。在各个环节采取相应的节水措施，组成一个完整的节水灌溉技术体系，包括水资源优化调配技术、节水灌溉工程技术、农艺及生物节水技术和节水管理技术。

节水灌溉技术体系主要包括以下几个方面：（1）灌溉水资源优化调配技术。主要包括地表水与地下水联合调度技术、灌溉回归水利用技术、多水源综合利用技

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术、雨洪利用技术。（2）节水灌溉工程技术 。主要包括渠道防渗技术、管道输水技术、喷灌技术、微灌技术、改进地面灌溉技术、水稻节水灌溉技术及抗旱点浇技术。直接目的是减少输配水过程的跑漏损失和田间灌水过程的深层渗漏损失，提高灌溉效率。（3）农艺及生物节水技术 。包括耕作保墒技术、覆盖保墒技术、优选抗旱品种、土壤保水剂及作物蒸腾调控技术。（4）节水灌溉管理技术。包括灌溉用水管理自动信息系统、输配水自动量测及监控技术，土壤墒情自动监测技术、节水灌溉制度等。

二．节水灌溉取得的成就

2.1 节水灌溉面积

截止到2005年底，全国灌溉面积达到9.28亿亩，有效灌溉面积8.48亿亩，非耕地上灌溉面积0.80亿亩。节水灌溉工程面积为3.20亿亩，其中耕地上节水灌溉工程面积2.95亿亩；非耕地上约为0.25亿亩，主要为林果草节水灌溉。在耕地上节水灌溉工程面积中，渠道防渗14454万亩，低压管灌9933万亩，喷灌4184万亩，微灌932万亩。目前，全国有效灌溉面积上节水灌溉工程面积比例为34.8%，全国灌溉水利用率约为45% 。根据水利部最近编制的《全国节水灌溉规划》，为高效利用我国的水资源，保障国家粮食安全、促进经济社会持续健康发展，“十一五”期间需发展耕地节水灌溉工程面积1.5亿亩、牧草节水灌溉面积350万亩、林果节水灌溉面积550万亩、节水措施面积2亿亩。到2020年，发展耕地节水灌溉工程面积4.7亿亩、牧草节水灌溉面积1300万亩、林果节水灌溉面积1700万亩、节水措施面积1.5亿亩。近几年来围绕大中型灌区节水改造项目、农业综合开发水利骨干项目、国家级节水示范市、国家和省级节水增效重点县、国家节水增效示范项目建设等,建成了400多个不同规模的以节水灌溉技术为支撑的农业科技示范园,这些科技示范园初步形成了从输水到灌水、从工程到管理、从微观到宏观的立体化、多样化、系统化农业节水格局。

2.2 节水灌溉技术研究

已由过去的单项节水技术研究发展到综合节水技术体系研究,把工程节水技术、管理节水技术、农艺节水措施作为农业节水体系的组成部分开展了综合试验研究。根据各地的自然、社会、经济条件的不同,提出了缺水山丘区、平原井灌

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区、引黄井渠结合灌区、沿海经济发达缺水区等不同类型的节水模式。研制应用了农业节水工程规划设计专家系统、灌溉预报专家系统、工程运行管理优化模式等,获得了“农业节水综合技术研究与示范”一大批科研成果。

2.3 节水灌溉设备

建成了节水设备开发中试基地,研制或引进了管灌、喷灌的系列配套管件,温室大棚微灌成套设备,低压喷水管喷灌成套设备,新型混凝土构件成型机等。 同时积极引进和消化吸收高新技术,引进推广使用了美国雨鸟、英特耐克、以色列艾森贝克、法国、澳大利亚、奥地利以及北京绿源等国内外知名公司或厂家的几十种节水灌溉设备。目前,世界上几乎所有节水发达国家的先进节水技术和设备都有所引进,建成了一批具有国内领先水平的高标准节水示范工程。 2.4 节水管理

目前我国推广的节水灌溉技术有渠道防渗、管道输水、喷灌、滴灌、膜上灌、膜下灌等多种形式,不同的地区宜采用的节水灌溉技术也不同,大、中型灌区适宜推广渠道防渗技术,井灌区和小型灌区宜推广低压管道灌溉技术,经济条件好的地方提倡采用喷灌技术,在果园、菜园及其他经济作物种植区适合发展微、滴灌,西北干旱地区应推广雨水集流、水窖滴灌技术,南方水稻产区则应推广水稻节水灌溉技术,各地要根据其经济发展水平,合理确定技术方案。结合水利产权制度的改革,对建立适合市场经济要求和农村特点的“多元化”运行管理机制作了尝试。其中节水灌溉工程产权制度改革和对灌区建设自主管理灌排区的探索都取得了成功经验。在井灌区推广应用射频卡控制灌溉,有力地促进了管理水平的提高。 2.5

资金投入积极争取中央贴息贷款和国家对重点县项目

的扶持,

制定和完善了一系列相应的扶持政策。对省财政扶持的节水灌溉项目实行公开招标,加大了项目实施力度和资金使用效益的提高。各地、市也制定了一系列鼓励政策,按照“谁投资、谁所有、谁管理、谁收益”的原则,积极鼓励农民发展节水灌溉（对于如何鼓励农民发展节水灌溉的更具体的措施推荐阅读：《水稻节水灌溉及其影响研究进展》）。

三、发展节水灌溉应该注意的几个问题

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节水灌溉是一项系统工作,综合运用行政、技术经济、宣传教育和管理等各种手段,需要全社会的很多行业和部门协调一致,形成全力,共同做好节水灌溉工作。 第一,节水灌溉要以科学发展观为指导与服务“三农”相结合,把发展节水灌溉,改善农业生产条件,促进农业结构调整和增加农民收入结合起来,建立完善的制度体系。当前一是制定科学的用水计划,做到计划用水,计量收费,节约奖励。二是做好节水灌溉的投入机制,规划并搞好节水灌溉的工程建设和技术的投入等。三是制定相应的优惠改革策略。进一步调动灌区农民对节水灌溉的积极性,并按“谁投资、谁所有、谁管理、谁受益”的原则确定产权,充分调动农民建节水灌溉工程的积极性。四是建立制定适合当地实际情况的实施办法,理顺水费价格,分步到位。五是完善水费计量缴费的管理办法,逐步引入用水户参与管理机制,成立用水户协会合作组织,充分发挥其主观能动性。六是深化水利工程制改革。在灌区支渠以下推广以用水户参与为主的改革,建立以各种形式用水合作组织为主的管理体制,采用灵活多样的经营方式和运行机制,从根本上解决灌区以下,小型农田水利工程无人维修养护,水费公开透明。层层搭车,用水矛盾问题。

第二,以提高用水效率为目标,建立科学的节水灌溉规划体系。规划是工作的基础,大力推进节水灌溉发展首先要建立科学的规划体系。节水灌溉规划应充分考虑水资源的可持续利用,按以供定需,以水定种植结构的原则统筹考虑,积极推进节水灌溉进程,同时加大节水灌溉新技术,新材料,新工艺的推广力度,带动农田水利和农业现代化可持续发展,因地制宜地科学地确定节水灌溉的布局的模式。 第三,突出农田在节水灌溉中的主体地位,充分发挥水利技术员在节水灌溉服务中的主体作用。广泛调动技术员的积极性,全面发展以技术推广和生产示范为主的科技培训,普及基层水利人员和部分农民切实掌握节水灌溉意识和技能,形成一支影响广大农民把发展节水灌溉和增加收入结合起来的骨干队伍。

四、加快发展节水灌溉的措施

4.1 改革现行管理体制和运行机制

采取的措施:对小型灌溉工程采取承包、租赁、拍卖及股份合作等形式;在大中型灌区推行SIDD(自主管理灌排区)管理模式;加大灌区用水者协会、农村供水协会、农民合作社等各种群众组织参与灌溉工程管理经验的总结推广和规范力度

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（关于节水灌溉技术与推广措施也可参考：《浅谈节水灌溉》）。

根据实际情况,供水单位可采取以下三种组织形式:一是按照《公司法》组建有限责任公司和股份公司;二是非公司法人性质的非赢利企业;三是事业单位实施企业化管理。广泛吸收用水产参与灌区经营管理,明晰产权,合理确定灌区专管机构与用水产协会的责、权、利,改革运营机制,以充分调动与激发用水产参与管理的积极性。

4.2 全面推行农业节水奖惩机制

认真执行 “农业灌溉用水定额”标准,对灌溉超定额用水要加价收费。对节水灌溉工程要根据其节水效果并结合当地经济发展水平给予补偿,要使农民对节水灌溉的投资获得不低于社会平均投资利润,利用经济杠杆推动节水灌溉发展。

4.3 多渠道融资,加大投资力度

改革灌溉工程建设和维护的投资体制,积极探索在市场经济条件下,农村水利资金高效利用、滚动使用的合理方式,开辟股份制、股份合作制、合资、独资等各种资金渠道,实行“多元化”融资,改变过去灌溉工程建设和维护过分依赖政府的局面。

4.4 扩大非充分灌溉与调亏灌溉面积

实施非充分灌溉或调亏灌溉,人为地控制水量供给,不仅能够减少作物的奢侈蒸腾,抑制作物茎叶生长,有利于改善作物品质,而且可以将节约出来的水量用于扩大灌溉面积,实现灌区作物总产最大。据试验,对于小麦、玉米连作区,可以减少小麦苗期的灌水量,正常年份每公顷可减少750m3。棉花可在苗期或絮期减少灌溉水量,正常年份每公顷可减少700m3。水稻可在分蘖期减少灌溉水量或不灌。

4.5 进一步搞好节水灌溉规划

要根据各地区经济、水资源、土壤、作物种植等具体条件,选择适当的节水灌溉技术,因地制宜地制定发展规划,切忌盲目引进、盲目搞不适合当地推广的“样板工程”。要根据加入WTO后国际市场的需要,结合农业产业结构调整,加强蔬菜、花卉、果树和珍贵经济作物灌水技术的研究,大力发展设施农业。

4.6 搞好中低产田节水灌溉

中低产田改造已列为今后几年农业的主攻方向,向中低产田要效益,扩大节水

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灌溉面积。对丘陵薄地重点搞好雨水利用,加强雨养农业和小水源综合利用研究。对盐碱地搞好以水冲盐、以水压碱和土壤改良,研究制定适宜的冲洗定额和节水技术措施。

4.7 加快节水灌溉设备产业化建设

根据发展节水灌溉的总体规划,扶持和培育相应的节水灌溉设备产业,形成规格化、系列化,做到配套齐全,价格低廉,服务及时,为发展节水灌溉提供可靠的保证。

. 五。发展节水灌溉技术的政策建议

（1）提高发展节水灌溉技术的认识。我国是一个水资源短缺的国家，随着人口增加、经济发展、社会进步，农业灌溉用水要在用水总量基本不增加的情况下保障我国粮食安全，只能走内涵式发展的道路，灌溉必须走节水型的发展道路。因此，我们应加大对发发展节水灌溉技术的宣传教育力度，使全社会都来关心节水灌溉技术，形成一个较好的节水灌溉技术发展环境。

（2）形成发展节水灌溉技术内在机制。通过制定和运用好水价、水权这些经济手段，对农业用水需求进行有效调控，削弱低效益膨胀型的用水需求，杜绝无效益浪费型的用水需求，促进节约农业用水的需求，从而推进节约灌溉技术发展。

（3）节水灌溉技术发展要符合农村实际。节水灌溉技术发展不仅是工程问题、技术问题，还是社会问题和经济问题。节水灌溉技术如果不能使农民从中得到实惠，就不能得到广大农民的真正拥护，就不能持续快速地发展起来。

（4） 促进节水灌溉设施制造业发展。 一项新技术得到推广应用，有可能带动一个新的产业发展。伴随我国高效节水灌溉技术的发展和应用，节水灌溉设备制造业也可望能形成一个有相当规模的行业，成为中国加工制造业一个新的增长点，政府部门应使用财政、金融等经济手段加以引导和支持。 参考文献

[1]钱蕴壁等.节水农业新技术研究[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.

[2]郝仲勇等.浅析北京市农业节水发展方向[J]1节水灌溉,2002(2):42-43.

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[3]李世英,对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考[J].节水灌溉,2001(1):30-31.

4]马承新,刘继永.节水灌溉的体制与机制[J].中国农村水利水电,2001(8):16-17. ]张文哲.对节水灌

[溉措施的思考[J].北京水利,2002,(2).

[5]高占义,刘钰,雷波.农业节水补偿机制探讨——从灌区到农户的补偿问题[J].水利发展研究,2006,(2).

[6]李宗乾,巩友林,罗玉霞.节水农业措施的设计与完善[J].农业科技与信息,2008,(12).

[7]韩娟,陈军,韩波,杨俊杰.国内外节水灌溉高新技术比较与研发新方向[J].农业科技管理,2005,(4).

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Water-saving irrigation and agricultural development

Abstract: Water is the source of life, water is to maintain social progress, ecological environment and human civilization based factors. The severe shortage of water resources, agriculture, water saving irrigation techniques have not been very good universal access. We must further raise awareness, pay close attention to improving the planning and design of water-saving irrigation, water saving irrigation technology and vigorously promote the research, production and application, in order to better serve the \"three rural\" to promote the social process of modernization.

[Paper Keywords] water-saving irrigation; management system; measures

China's development and utilization of water resources in some areas has exceeded the level of water resources and water environment carrying capacity, groundwater funnel area expansion, increased water pollution, environmental degradation and other issues as the sustainable use of water resources and sustainable economic and social development serious constraints to speed up construction of water conservation and pollution prevention society is the inevitable choice. . China's agricultural irrigation water consumption, inefficiency and waste of irrigation water for irrigation is epidemic. At present irrigation water use efficiency is about 43%, unilateral water, food production rate is only 10 kg, much lower than developed countries, irrigation water use efficiency 70% to 80%, unilateral water, 20 kg of grain productivity level. By using modern water-saving irrigation technologies to transform traditional irrigated agriculture, to achieve timely and appropriate amount of \"fine irrigation\" has important practical significance.

I. Water-saving irrigation technologies and systems implications

Water-saving irrigation technology is significantly more than the traditional irrigation techniques to save water and water-efficient irrigation methods, measures and systems in general. Irrigation water from the water to the fields, to be absorbed by crops, the formation of production, including water resources, water distribution, irrigation and crop field absorption in four areas. Take in all aspects of water-saving measures to form a complete system of

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

water-saving irrigation techniques, including water resources optimal deployment of technology, water-saving irrigation technology, agronomic and biological water-saving technologies and water management techniques. Water-saving irrigation technology systems include the following aspects: (1) irrigation water allocation optimization technology. Including surface water and groundwater joint scheduling techniques, irrigation return water use technologies, multi-source utilization technology, rainwater utilization technology.

(2) Water-saving irrigation technology. Including technology channel seepage, piping water technology, irrigation technology, micro-irrigation technology, improved surface irrigation techniques, water-saving irrigation techniques and drought-resistant rice point pouring technology. Direct purpose is to reduce transmission and distribution loss of water leakage during the run and the process of deep leakage field irrigation losses and improve irrigation efficiency. (3) agricultural and biological water-saving technologies. Farming techniques, including soil moisture, soil moisture covering technology, preferably drought-resistant varieties, crop transpiration and soil water retention agent control technology.

(4) Water-saving irrigation management techniques. Irrigation water management, including automated information systems, automatic measurement of water distribution and monitoring technology, automatic soil moisture monitoring technology, water-saving irrigation system.

2. Achievements in water saving irrigation

2.1 Water-saving irrigation area

The end of 2005, the country reached 9.28 million mu of irrigated area, irrigated area of 8.48 million mu, non-irrigated area of 0.80 million mu of arable land. Water-saving irrigation area of 3.20 million mu of arable land on which water-saving irrigation area of 2.95 million mu; non-arable land of about 0.25 million hectares, mainly for water-saving irrigation, orchard grass. In the area of arable land in the water-saving irrigation, canal seepage 14454 mu, 9933 mu of low-pressure pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation 4184 acres, 932 acres of micro-irrigation. At present, the effective water-saving irrigation area irrigated area ratio of 34.8%, the National Irrigation water efficiency is about 45%. According to Ministry of Water Resources recently developed \"national water-saving irrigation plan\" for the efficient use of our water resources, protection of national food security, promoting sustainable and healthy economic and social development, \"during\" the need to develop water-saving irrigation area of arable land 150 million acres, an area of 350 acres of pasture water-saving irrigation, water-saving irrigation area of 550 acres of fruit, water-saving measures in an area of 2 million hectares. By 2020, develop water-saving irrigation of arable land area of 4.7 million mu, water-saving irrigation area of 1300 mu of pasture, water-saving irrigation area of 1,700 acres of fruit, water-saving measures in an area of 1.5 million mu. In recent

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

years, large and medium irrigation area around the reconstruction project, the backbone of agricultural water development projects, state-level water-saving demonstration city, state and provincial key counties for water efficiency, water efficiency demonstration projects of national construction, and built a 400 various sizes to water-saving irrigation technology to support agricultural technology demonstration park, the park formed a technology demonstration from the water to irrigation, from engineering to management, from the micro to the macro three-dimensional, diversified, systematic agriculture water pattern.

2.2 Water-saving irrigation technology research

Individual water-saving techniques from the past research and development to integrated system of water-saving technologies, the water conservation technology, management and water-saving technology, water-saving agriculture, agricultural water-saving measures as part of the system to carry out a comprehensive experimental study. Based on local natural, social and economic conditions, the proposed dry mountainous regions, plains irrigation district, the Yellow River drainage wells with irrigation, in economically developed coastal areas such as different types of water-saving mode. Application of agricultural water development project planning and design expert systems, irrigation forecasting expert systems, optimization models, etc. project operation and management, received a \"comprehensive water-saving agricultural technology research and demonstration,\" a large number of scientific research.

2.3 Water-saving irrigation equipment

Built a water-saving device development test base, the development or introduction of tube feeding, supporting a series of irrigation pipes, micro-irrigation equipment greenhouse, low pressure water pipe irrigation equipment, new concrete molding machine.

Actively introducing and absorbing high-tech, the introduction of the United States to promote the use of Rain Bird, Nike, Intel, Israel Baker, Essen, France, Australia, Austria and Beijing Green Resources and other well-known companies or manufacturers of dozens of water-saving irrigation equipment. Currently, almost all the world's advanced water-saving developed countries have the technology and equipment introduced to build a group of leading domestic level of high standards of water-saving demonstration project. 2.4 Water Management

At present, China to promote water-saving irrigation technology channel seepage, water pipes, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, irrigation membrane, the membrane under irrigation and other forms, different regions should adopt water-saving irrigation techniques are also different, large and medium irrigation appropriate technology to promote anti-seepage, irrigation areas and small-scale irrigation should promote low-pressure pipe irrigation technology, economic conditions are good places to promote the use of irrigation technology, in orchards, vegetable gardens and other crops growing areas for

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

the development of micro, drip irrigation, should be extended northwest arid area Rainwater Catchment, caverns drip irrigation, rice southern rice-producing areas should promote water-saving irrigation technologies, around according to their level of economic development, reasonable technical solutions. Combined with the reform of water property rights system, the establishment of appropriate market economy and the rural characteristics of the \"diversity\" operation and management mechanisms were tried. One water-saving irrigation system of property rights reform and the building of self-management of irrigation and drainage irrigation districts have been successful exploration experience. Promote the use of the irrigation area irrigated RF card control, effectively promote the management level.

2.5 actively seek central funding and the state subsidized loans to support projects in key counties to develop and improve a series of relevant policies. Provincial financial support for water-saving irrigation project to implement an open tender, the project has increased the intensity and capital efficiency improved. Around the city also developed a series of incentive policies, in accordance with the \"who invests, who all, who manage, who benefits\" and to actively encourage farmers to develop water-saving irrigation (for how to encourage farmers to develop water-saving irrigation of more specific measures recommended Read: \"rice water-saving irrigation and its impact on research\").

3 the development of water-saving irrigation should be noted that several issues

Water-saving irrigation is a system work, the integrated use of administrative, technical and economic, education and management of a variety of means, the whole society of many industries and sectors coordinated to form a full, working together to do water-saving irrigation.

First, water-saving irrigation to the scientific concept of development and services, the \"three rural\" combined to develop water-saving irrigation, improving agricultural production conditions, promote agricultural restructuring and increase farmers' income together, establish a sound institutional system. First, the development of science and the current water plan, so plan water metering and charging, saving incentives. Second, the input mechanism to do water-saving irrigation, water-saving irrigation planning and to improve the construction and technology investment. Third, the reform strategy to develop the corresponding benefits. Irrigation farmers to further mobilize the enthusiasm of water-saving irrigation, according to \"who invests, who all, who managed benefits\" principle to determine the property, building water-saving irrigation farmers to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the project. Fourth, the establishment of local conditions to develop appropriate implementation of measures to rationalize water pricing, step in place. Fifth, improve the

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

management of water metering payment methods, and gradually introduce water user participation in management mechanism, the establishment of water user associations to organize and give full play to their initiative. Six hydraulic system is to deepen the reform. The following branch canal in the irrigation water users to participate in the promotion-oriented reforms, the establishment of cooperative organizations in various forms of water-based management system, using flexible mode of operation and operating mechanism, a fundamental solution to the following irrigation, small water conservancy projects without people repair and maintenance, water and open and transparent. Layers of riding, water contradictions.

Second, to improve water use efficiency as the goal, to establish a scientific system of water-saving irrigation planning. Planning is the basis of the work, vigorously promote the development of water-saving irrigation plan must first establish a scientific system. Water-saving irrigation planning should take full account of sustainable water use, according to the need for fixed, water will give overall consideration to the principles of plant structure and actively promote water-saving irrigation process, and increase the water-saving irrigation technologies, new materials, new technology promotion efforts, promote modernization of irrigation and agricultural sustainable development, science and local conditions to determine the layout of water-saving irrigation patterns.

Third, the highlight water-saving irrigation of farmland in the dominant position, fully water-saving irrigation service technicians in the main role. Mobilize the enthusiasm of a wide range technician, all-round development of technology-based promotion and production of demonstration technology training, and part of the universal primary water-saving irrigation farmers' awareness of effective control and skills, the formation of an impact on the majority of farmers to develop water-saving irrigation and increase revenue combination of backbone.

4 accelerate the development of water-saving irrigation measures

4.1 Reform the current management system and operation mechanism

Measures: the small-scale irrigation projects to contracting, leasing, auctions and other forms of joint-stock cooperative; in the implementation of large and medium irrigation SIDD (self-management of irrigation and drainage districts) management; increase the irrigation water users associations, rural water associations, farmers cooperatives, etc. various mass organizations in irrigation management and experience to promote and regulate the intensity (on water-saving irrigation technologies and promotion measures can refer to: \"On the water-saving irrigation\").

Based on the actual situation, water supply unit can take the following three organizational forms: First, in accordance with \"Company Law\" formed a

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

limited liability company and joint-stock companies; two non-corporate nature of the non-profit enterprises; third is the implementation of enterprise management business unit. Broad absorption with a fish in irrigation management, clear property rights, reasonable use of irrigation and aquaculture associations responsible for managing institutional responsibilities, rights, benefits, operational mechanisms of reform in order to fully mobilize and inspire with enthusiasm in the management of aquaculture.

4.2 Full implementation of agricultural water conservation incentive mechanisms

Seriously implement the \"agricultural irrigation water quota\" standard for ultra-scale irrigation to increase water charges. Of water-saving irrigation water according to their effect combined with local economic development level of compensation, to make the investment in water-saving irrigation farmers get no less than the average social return on investment and use economic leverage to promote water-saving irrigation development. More than 4.3 channels of financing, increased investment

Reform of irrigation construction and maintenance of the investment system, and actively explore the market economy, efficient use of rural water resources, scroll to use reasonable means, open stock, stock cooperative, joint ventures and other sources of funds, the implementation of the \"diversification \"financing, changes in construction and maintenance of irrigation projects in the past relying on the government's situation.

4.4 to expand non-sufficient irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation

Implementation of non-sufficient irrigation or deficit irrigation, water supply artificially controlled, not only to reduce the luxury crop transpiration, inhibit the growth of stems and leaves of crops, help to improve crop quality, and can be saved out of the water for the expansion of irrigated area, irrigation to achieve The total maximum crop production. According to the test, for wheat, corn, even in areas, irrigation can reduce the amount of wheat seedling, a normal year per hectare can be reduced 750m3. Cotton in the seedling stage or flocculation of reducing irrigation water, a normal year per hectare can be reduced 700m3. Reduction in the tillering stage of rice irrigation water or irrigation.

4.5 further improve the water-saving irrigation planning

According to the regional economy, water resources, soil, crops and other specific conditions, select the appropriate water-saving irrigation technology, local conditions to development planning, should not blindly, blindly is not suitable for the local promotion of the \"model project.\" After joining the WTO, according to the needs of the international market, combined with the agricultural structure adjustment, strengthen vegetables, flowers, fruit trees and precious crops irrigation techniques, to develop facilities for agriculture. 4.6 Water-saving irrigation to improve low-yielding fields

In low-yielding farmland has been listed as the main direction of agriculture in the next few years, to be effective in low-yielding fields, expanding

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

water-saving irrigation. Must focus on the hills thin rainwater harvesting, rain-fed agriculture and to enhance utilization of small water sources. Of saline water will do a good job with salt and alkali soil improvement in water pressure, study and formulate appropriate scale irrigation and water-saving technical measures.

4.7 to speed up construction of water-saving irrigation equipment industry According to the development of water-saving irrigation of the overall planning, support and nurture the corresponding water-saving irrigation equipment industry, the formation of normalized series, so that is complete, affordable, timely service for the development of water-saving irrigation to provide a reliable guarantee.

5 Develop water-saving irrigation technology policy recommendations

(1) increase awareness of water-saving irrigation technology. China is a national shortage of water resources, with population growth, economic development, social progress, and agricultural irrigation water use in the case would not increase the protection of our food security, can only take the connotative development of roads, irrigation must be take water-saving path of development. Therefore, we should increase the development of water-saving irrigation technology made of publicity and education efforts, so that all sectors of society concerned with water-saving irrigation techniques, to form a better environment for the development of water-saving irrigation technologies.

(2) the formation of water-saving irrigation technologies within the mechanism. Through the development and use of good water, water rights, these economic instruments, effective control of agricultural water demand, low efficiency of intumescent weaken the demand for water, to eliminate wasteful use of water is no effective demand, promote conservation and agricultural water needs, thereby promoting conservation irrigation technology.

(3) the development of water-saving irrigation technologies to meet the rural reality. Water-saving irrigation technology is not only the engineering issues, technical issues, or social and economic problems. If you can not make water-saving irrigation technology and benefit from farmers, farmers can not get real support, it can not continue to develop rapidly.

(4) to promote water-saving irrigation facilities, development of manufacturing industry. A new technology used widely, it is possible to drive a new industry. With our highly efficient water-saving irrigation technology development and application of water-saving irrigation equipment manufacturing are also expected to form a sizable industry, China's processing and manufacturing of a new growth point, the government should use fiscal, monetary and other economic means to guide and support. References

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北京化工大学北方学院论文

[1] Qian Yun wall, etc. water-saving agricultural technology research [M]. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2002.

[2] Hao Zhongyong, etc. Analysis of water-saving agriculture development in Beijing [J] 1 water-saving irrigation, 2002 (2) :42-43.

[3] Lishi Ying, China's water-saving irrigation technology Thoughts [J]. Water-saving irrigation, 2001 (1) :30-31.

[4] Ma Cheng-Xin, Liu Jiyong. Water-saving irrigation system and mechanism [J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower, 2001 (8) :16-17.] Wen-Jer Chang. Water-saving irrigation

[Irrigation measures of thinking [J]. Beijing Water Resources, 2002, (2).

[5] accounted for the high definition, Liu Yu, Leibo. The compensation mechanism of water-saving agriculture - from irrigation to farmers compensation [J]. Water Resources Development Studies, 2006, (2).

[6] Zong dry, Gongyou Lin, Luo Yuxia. Water-saving measures in the design and improvement of agriculture [J]. Agricultural Technology and Information, 2008, (12).

[7] Han Juan, CHEN, Bo Han, Yang J J. Comparison of high-tech water-saving irrigation at home and abroad to develop new directions [J]. Agricultural Science and Technology Management, 2005, (4).

Author: Li Zhijun Dezhou Water Conservancy Bureau Xiaowangzhuang pumping station assistant

Yang Zhiyong Dezhou Water Conservancy Bureau Xiaowangzhuang pumping station assistant

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