阅读理解专题一 英语 全国 适用年级 课时时长 学大教育个性化教案
初二 适用学科 适用区域 知识点 教学目标 教学重点 教学难点 120分钟 阅读理解三大题型：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题。 使学生掌握阅读理解题型的做题方法 阅读理解题解题方法 阅读理解题型的文章理解 教学过程
一、 复习预习
你在初中阶段学过哪些阅读理解解题方法？
二、知识讲解
体裁分析能力
论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.
文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 分析题干能力
细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：
1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?
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2) The author mentions all of the following except . . .
3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . .
8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 9)From the passage we know that ______. 10)In the passage, the author states that ______.
细节理解题：
细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。
主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：
1）The general/main idea of the passage is about ____． 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily ____． 4）The passage is mostly about ____．
5）The passage is mainly concerned about ____． 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best title for the passage？ 8）The subject discussed in this text is _____
9）The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to „ 10）The passage is meant to „. 11）The purpose of this article is to „
有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型：
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1) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 2) From the text we know that ______.3) The story implies that ______.
4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 5) The writer’s attitude toward...is ______. 6)The author implied（suggested）that．．． 7)It may be concluded from the passage that．．．
8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the following does the author agree？
考作者观点态度的提问方式有： 1)The author seems to think that ______.
2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in ______. 3)The author wants to appeal to _______ . 4)The author’s style is ______ .
5)The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 6)What is the author’s opinion of ______? 7)The writer believe that________?
8) What is the author's main purpose in the passage? 9）In the author's opinion_________? 推断题 1. (1)
(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 2.
解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。
确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：
1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确
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定作者的态度；
2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
三、 例题精析
Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.
Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, I'd love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, \" said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q： Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.
B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.
解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。
Example 2
One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.
“What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised.
“Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.
Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was ______.
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B. just cleaned by the landlord
D. dirty and full of insects
学大教育个性化教案
A. very clean
C. tidy and comfortable
解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复”，因此推出答案为D。
Example 3
Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.
Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesn’t ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I don’t know.
Q： Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude to Mr. Neff?
解析：从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度，特别是Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽，也是暗示他对Mr. Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。
A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff.
四、课堂运用
阅读理解·“老”字趣谈
每个国家都有各自的文化习惯，而这种文化上的差异往往会引起一定的误会，不过只要熟悉对方的风俗习惯做到入乡随俗，一切就OK啦！
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When my family moved to America in 2010 from a small village in Guangdong, China, we brought not only our luggage, but also our village rules, customs and culture. One of the rules is that young people should always respect(尊敬) elders. Unluckily, this rule led to my very first embarrassment in the United States.
I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant. One time, when I was serving food to a middle-aged couple, the wife asked me how the food could be served so quickly. I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly. As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure. My manager, who happened to hear what I said, took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive(敏感) Americans are and how they dislike the description “old”. I then walked back to the table and apologized to the wife. After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry.
In my village in China, people are proud of being old. Not so many people live to be seventy or eighty, and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge and experience. Young people always respect older people because they know they can learn from their rich experience.
However, in the United States, people think “growing old” is a problem since “old” shows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well. Here many people try to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging, and women put on makeup, hoping to look young. When I told the couple in the restaurant that I respect the elderly, they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stay young. I had told them something they didn’t want to hear.
After that, I changed the way I had been with older people. It is not that I don’t respect them any more; I still respect them, but now I don’t show my feelings through words.
By Jack
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。
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1. Jack brought the couple their food very fast because _______. A. the manager asked him to do so B. he respected the elderly C. the couple wanted him to do so D. he wanted more pay
2. When Jack called the couple “elderly”, they became _______. A. nervous B. satisfied C. unhappy D. excited
3. In Jack’s hometown, _______. A. people dislike being called “old” B. people are proud of being old
C. many people reach the age of seventy or eighty D. the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants 4. After this experience, Jack _______. A. lost his job in the restaurant B. made friends with the couple C. no longer respected the elderly D. changed his way with older people 5. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The more Jack explained, the angrier the couple got.
B. Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience. C. The manager went back to the table and apologized to the couple. D. From this experience, Jack learned more about American culture.
英语阅读理解·Jean的网友
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QQ聊天对我们来说并不陌生，但是该不该完全相信网友呢？我们究竟该以怎样的心态对待网络呢？让我们来看看本文主人公与网友的奇遇吧！
Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.
So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.
Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common(共同的) interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.
When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。 1. Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is _______.
A. rich B. famous
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C. young D. lonely 2. Jean thought “David” was special because he _______. A. made her quite happy on QQ B. was from San Francisco C. sent her a picture of himself D. was tall and good-looking
3. When Jean and “David” met and introduced themselves to each other, who felt surprised? A. “David”. B. Both “David” and Jean. C. Jean. D. Neither “David” nor Jean. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage?
A. Don’t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily. B. People don’t use their real names on QQ so often. C. Don’t go to meet those you get to know on QQ. D. People should tell their real names to others on QQ.
课程小结
课后作业
英语阅读·一辈子的朋友
朋友与你相互嬉闹，朋友与你互掏腰包；朋友与你互相惦记，朋友与你心有灵犀；朋友与你有苦共担，朋友与有乐同欢……请读读这篇真挚的友情故事。
Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.
When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding (婚礼) and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and mo
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ving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address (地址) Unknown. ” I had no idea how to find Linda.
Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share (分享) happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.
One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but J still wrote to her.
She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”
Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!
根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中选择最佳选项。 1. The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans _______.
A. at the age of 13 B. before she got married
C. after they moved to new homes D. before the writer’s family moved away
2. They didn’t often write to each other because they _______.
A. got married
B. had little time to do so
C. didn’t like writing letters
D. could see each other on special time
3. There was an empty place in the writer’s heart because she _______.
A. was in trouble
B. didn’t know Linda’s address C. received the card that she sent
D. didn’t have a friend like Linda to share her happiness or sadness 4. The writer was happy when she _______.
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A. read the newspaper
B. heard Linda’s voice on the phone
C. met a young woman who looked a lot like Linda D. wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman 5. They haven’t kept in touch _______.
A. for about 40 years B. for about 27 years
C. since they got married
D. since the writer’s family moved away
英语幽默阅读·看病
每天都有很多人被病痛折磨着，但有些病却是因为一些不必要的担忧，正如本文中的tailor一样，威吓不少一点忧心，让自己健康快乐一点呢？
A man went to see his doctor one day, because he was suffering from pains in his stomach. After the doctor had examined him carefully, he said to him, “Well, there’s nothing really wrong with you, I’m glad to say. Your only trouble is that you worry too much. Do you know, I had a man with the same trouble as you here a few weeks ago, and I gave him the same advice as I am going to give you. He was worried because he couldn’t pay his tailor’s bills. I told him not to worry about the bills any more. He took my advice and when he came to see me again two days ago, he told me that he now felt quite all right again. ” “Yes, I know all about that,” answered the patient sadly. “You see, I’m that man’s tailor!”
根据以上短文内容判断正误，正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示。 1. The tailor went to see his doctor because he has got a headache. 2. There is nothing serious with the tailor.
3. A man with the same trouble as the tailor a few days ago. 4. The doctor gave the man and the tailor the same advice. 5. The tailor was worried because a man couldn’t pay his bills.
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【a篇答案及解析】
1. 选B。根据第2段中的I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly可知答案。 2. 选C。根据第2段中的As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure可知他们听到Jack称他们为老者时，一点也不高兴。 3. 选B。根据第3段中的In my village in China, people are proud of being old可知答案。 4. 选D。根据最后一段中的After that, I changed the way I had with older people可知答案。
5. 选D。根据第2段最后一句After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry可知A选项不对；根据文章最后一句but now I don’t show my feelings through words可知B选项不对；根据第2段中的I then waked back to the table and apologized to the wife 可知C 选项也不对，故正确答案为D。
【b篇答案及解析】
1. 选D。由第1段的句子…In fact, Jean is quite lonely. 可知答案选D。
2. 选A。Jean认为David幽默风趣，在摇滚乐和现代舞上和她有共同的兴趣，他们可以在网上快乐地聊上几个小时。很显然David使得Jean很开心。答案选A。
3. 选C。文章的最后一句…she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!告诉我们，当Jean发现她那特殊的朋友是一个12岁的小孩时，用了一个感叹号结尾，虽然作者没有直接说Jean感到惊讶，但是我们可以从这个标点符号推断出她的感觉应该是十分surprised(惊讶的)。
4. 选A。本文讲述Jean交了个十分投缘的网友，后来却发现对方原来只是一个12岁的小男孩。通过这个故事，短文意在告戒人们不要轻易相信Q友，答案选A。
【c篇答案及解析】
1. 选D。开始的时候作者与Linda总是一起去上钢琴课、看电影、游泳、骑马等，但后来在作者13岁的时候，作者一家搬走了，两人只能通过书信联系。比较四个选项，显然只能选D。
2. 选B。根据文章第2段中的Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often 根据文可知，她们之所以没经常写信，是因为她们要忙于照顾孩子，又要搬新家，也就是说，她们没有时间写信。
3. 选D。根据文章第3段内容可知答案。
4. 选B。真正让作者感到高兴的是当她在电话上听到老朋友Linda的声音的时候。而读到报纸的时候和写信的时候都还只是在猜测，那时还谈不上高兴。
5. 选A。根据文章最后一段中的Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years…可知，答案选A。 【d篇答案及解析】
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1. 选F。根据第1句A man went to see his doctor one day, because he was suffering from pains in his stomach可知本题是错误的。 2. 选T。根据…there is no thing really wrong with you (tailor)可知裁缝的身体并没有什么大碍，故可判断此题与短文内容相符。
3. 选F。根据句子Do you know, I had a man with the same trouble as you here a few weeks ago可知本题所叙述的时间与短文内容不一致，因此可判断此题是错误的。
4. 选T。根据…and I gave him the same advice as I am going to give you可知答案。
5. 选T。通读全文我们可知：上一个病人是担心他自己不能付钱给他的裁缝，而这个裁缝的病因却是因为担心那个人不能付钱给他的。
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