科技英语答案

2010春季学期《科技英语》综合资料

Part I Reading Comprehension Passage 1

Geology is a natural science. With it men can discover all kinds of useful minerals. Geology studies the earth. But of the three spheres, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, it only directly studies the lithosphere. It studies the composition and distribution of material in the earth’s crust. It studies also the formation, changes and development of rocks and minerals in the earth’s crust. Geology is a very complex science. There are many branches in geology. Mineralogy is the science of the minerals. Petrology is the science of the rocks. Geomorphology deals with origin of landscapes and changes in them. Historical geology traces the evolution and development of the earth and of the animals and plants on it. Stratigraphy studies the sequence of the rocks in the earth’s crust. Paleontology deals with the ancient animals and plants. These are just a few of the most important branches of geology. Geology is a very important science. We depend upon geology for the discovery of mineral deposits needed by the various industries. A lot of minerals are used as fuel and raw materials. Without them industrialization is impossible. Minerals are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. China is very rich in mineral deposits of all kinds. The study of geology will help us to discover them. Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid, or in more than one of these states at a single place. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities. Liquid petroleum, which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil, is the most important commercially. It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities. Petroleum gas, commonly called natural gas to distinguish it from manufactured gas, consists of the lighter paraffin hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is methane gas (CH4). The semisolid and solid forms of petroleum consist of the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens. Geology plays an important role in the search for oil and natural gas. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil (and gas) to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2) The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upward through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples. A fault zone may itself be impervious, or faulting may have

shifted an impervious bed so that it now blocks a reservoir bed. Stratigraphic traps tend to be more difficult to locate and may form where tilted reservoir beds are overlain unconformably by impervious layers or where the reservoir beds become thinner up-dip and wedge out within enclosing impervious beds. Thus oil that was once distributed in sparse amounts throughout a very large volume of rock may now be richly concentrated within the uppermost portions of favorable reservoir rocks. The task of the geologist is the location of promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. Drilling a hole is then the only known method of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure.

1. What is mainly dealt with in the passage? A. The formation of oil. B. The formation of rocks.

C. The general introduction of geology.√ D. The roles of geology in finding oil. 2. Geology is a natural science and it does NOT study______. A. the minerals in the earth’s crust B. the rocks in the earth’s crust

C. the evolution and development of the earth

D. the origin of the atmosphere surrounding the earth √

3. One prerequisite for oil to accumulate in quantity is that the oil originates in ______. A. a source rock √ B. a black mud C. the seawater D. organic compounds

4. In the formation of oil, a nonpermeable layer above a reservoir bed is necessary because it can ______.

A. accelerate the travel speed of the oil B. hinder the oil to move upward √ C. help the oil to move upward D. help people to discover the oil 5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Drilling a hole is one of the known methods of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure.

B. A geologist usually tries to locate promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. √

C. An unfavorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil. D. A permeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed.

Passage 2

In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simple-minded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality. A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, was simple enough to qualify, but it did not make any definite predictions. On the other hand, Newton’s theory of gravity was based on an even simpler model, in which bodies attracted each other with a force that was proportional to a quantity called their mass and inversely

proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motion of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy. Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. In practice, what often happens is that a new theory that is devised is really an extension of the previous theory.

The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time. Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for religion. They would say that God could have started the universe off any way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary way. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state.

It turns out to be very difficult to devise a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Instead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories. Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is completely wrong. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation. Nevertheless, it is certainly the way that we have made progress in the past. The classical example is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.

Today scientists describe the universe on terms of two basic partial theories — the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with each other — they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, is the search for a new theory that will incorporate them both — a quantum theory of gravity. We do not yet have such a new theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the properties that it must have.

6. According to the author, a theory is all of the following EXCEPT for ______. A. a model of the universe B. a restricted part of the universe √ C. a set of rules D. a reality

7. The difference between Aristotle’s theory and Newton’s theory is ______.

A. Aristotle’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Newton’s cannot. B. Newton’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Aristotle’s cannot.

C. Aristotle’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Newton’s cannot. √

D. Newton’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Aristotle’s cannot.

8. The approach adopted by most scientists to devise a theory to describe the universe is _________.

A. to break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories B. to invent one theory to describe the whole universe

C. to combine general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics √ D. to study the origin of the universe

9．It is described in Newton’s theory of gravity that bodies attracted each other with a force which is ______.

A. inversely proportional to their mass

B. inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them C. proportional to the square of the distance between them D. proportional to the constitution of them √

10．According the passage, the great intellectual achievements of the first half of the 20th century are ______.

A. Newton’s theory of gravity and the general theory of relativity B. Newton’s theory of gravity and quantum mechanics

C. the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics √

D. the general theory of relativity and the quantum theory of gravity

Passage 3

The current energy security system was created in response to the 1973 Arab oil embargo to ensure coordination among the industrialized countries in the event of a disruption in supply, encourage collaboration on energy policies, and deter any future use of an ―oil weapon‖ by exporters. Its key elements are the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA), whose members are the industrialized countries; strategic stockpiles of oil, including the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserves; continued monitoring and analysis of energy markets and policies; and energy conservation and coordinated emergency sharing of supplies in the event of a disruption. The emergency system was set up to offset major disruptions that threatened the global economy and stability, not to manage prices and the commodity cycle. Since the system’s inception in the 1970s, a coordinated emergency drawdown of strategic stockpiles has occurred only twice: on the eve of the Gulf War in 1991 and in the autumn of 2005 after Hurricane Katrina. Experience has shown that to maintain energy security countries must abide by several principles. The first and most familiar is what Churchill urged more than 90 years ago: diversification of supply. Multiplying one’s supply sources reduces the impact of a disruption in supply from one source by providing alternatives, serving the interests of both consumers and producers, for whom stable markets are a prime concern. But diversification is not enough. A second principle is resilience, a ―security margin‖ in the energy supply system that provides a buffer against shocks and facilitates recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come from many

factors, including sufficient spare production capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along the supply chain, and the stockpiling of critical parts for electric power production and distribution, as well as carefully conceived plans for responding to disruptions that may affect large regions. Hence the third principle: recognizing the reality of integration. There is only one oil market, a complex and worldwide system that moves and consumes about 86 million barrels of oil every day. For all consumers, security resides in the stability of this market. Secession is not an option. A fourth principle is the importance of information. High-quality information underpins well-functioning markets. On an international level, the IEA has led the way in improving the flow of information about world markets and energy prospects. That work is being complemented by the new International Energy Forum, which will seek to integrate information from producers and consumers. Information is no less crucial in a crisis, when consumer panics can be instigated by a mixture of actual disruptions, rumors, and fear. In such situations, governments and the private sector should collaborate to counter panics with high-quality, timely information. As important as these principles are, the past several years have highlighted the need to expand the concept of energy security in two critical dimensions: the recognition of globalization of the energy security system, which can be achieved especially by engaging China and India, and the acknowledgement of the fact that the entire energy supply chain needs to be protected.

11. The energy security system was established for the following long-term purpose EXCEPT ______.

A. protecting profits of industrialized countries during Arab oil embargo √ B. making effective coordination among those industrialized countries C. promoting cooperation in making policies about energy

D. preventing oil exporters from using oil as a weapon against other countries

12. Which of the following statements about International Energy Agency is NOT true? A. Its headquarter is located in Paris.

B. Its members include developed and developing countries. √ C. It monitors and analyzes the energy market and policies.

D. It makes great efforts to save energy and deal with oil disruption.

13. The first and foremost thing that both consumers and producers are concerned about is ______.

A. various supply sources B. stable energy markets √ C. the largest profits D. reasonable prices

14. Integration, the third principle to maintain energy security, means to ______. A. recognize the reality of energy shortage B. guarantee the stability of energy market

C. realize the unity of the worldwide market √ D. protect one’s independent interests

15. The main purpose of this passage is to ______. A. convince readers that energy security is important B. introduce the major energy organizations of U.S.

C. inform readers what the energy security system is like D. present principles for ensuring energy security √

Passage 4

I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own predecessors. The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of today’s African mammals roamed in the rich grassland and forest fringes between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct. One in particular I would have loved to see alive was a short-necked giraffe relative that had huge ―antlers‖, some with a span across the horns of close to almost 3 meters. There were buffalo-size antelopes with massive curving horns, carnivores that must have looked like saber-toothed lions, two distinct species of hippo and at least two types of elephants. We may never know the full extent of this incredible mammalian diversity, but there were probably more than twice as many species a million years ago as there are today. That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the same story everywhere. Most of life’s experiments have ended in extinction. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone. So, should we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever? I believe it is. We know that the well-being of human race is tied to the well-being of many other species, and we can’t be sure which species are most important to our own survival. But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden? Is it legitimate to spend large sums of money to save some species — be it an elephant or an orchid — in a nation in which a sizable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line? Such questions make me uneasy about promoting wildlife conservation in impoverished nations. Nonetheless, I believe that we can — and should — do a great deal. It’s a matter of changing priorities. Plenty of money is available for scientific field studies and conferences on endangering species. But what about boots and vehicles for park personnel who protect wildlife from poachers? What about development aid to give local people economic alternatives to cutting forests and plowing over the land? That kind of funding is difficult to come by. People in poor countries should not be asked to choose between their own short-term survival and long-term environmental needs. If their governments are willing to protect the environment, the money needed should come from international sources. To me, the choice is clear. Either the more affluent world helps now or the world as a whole will lose out. Of course, we must be careful not to allow the establishment of slush funds or rely on short-term, haphazard handouts that the world would probably go to waste. We need a permanent global endowment devoted to wildlife protection, funded primarily by the governments of the industrial nations and international aid agencies. The principal could remain invested in the donor nations as the interest flowed steadily into conservation efforts. How to use those funds would be a matter of endless debate. Should local communities be

entitled to set the agenda, or should outside experts take control? Should limited hunting be allowed in parks, or should they be put off limits? Mistakes will be made, the landscape will keep changing, and species will still be lost, but the difficulty of the task should not lead us to abandon hope. Many of the planet’s natural habitats are gone forever, bur many others can be saved and in time restored. A major challenge for the 21st century is to preserve as much of our natural estate as possible. Let us resist with all our efforts any moves to reduce the amount of wild land available for wild species. And let us call upon the world’s richest nations to provide the money to make that possible. That would not be a contribution to charity; it would be an investment in the future of humanity — and all life on Earth.

16. The purpose of the author’s work on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana was ______. A. to discover the fossil history of African mammals B. to search for the traces of the extinct animal species

C. to discover the fossils of human being’s predecessors √

D. to study the fragments of the fossils of the ancestors of African mammals 17. The following is true EXCEPT ______.

A. The welfare of the human species is bound up with that of the other species.

B. Human development in agriculture and industry speeds up the process of distinction of some species.

C. Fossil history suggests that 95% of the species will be a failure in their struggles for survival. √

D. The process of the extinction of species seems to be going on ceaselessly. 18. To which of the following would the author probably say ―No‖?

A. Should we be concerned about the extinction of the species, which has been accelerated by the expansion of agriculture and industry?

B. Should a nation, most of whose people are still living below the poverty line, spend large sums of money to preserve species?

C. Is it necessary to provide woodcutters in poverty-stricken nations with the economic alternatives to making a living on cutting down trees? √

D. Is it necessary to change our priorities and provide more equipment and support for wildlife protection personnel?

19. The author’s main purpose of writing this article is ______.

A. to champion a global fund mainly from the affluent nations and international efforts to preserve the wildlife √

B. to warn the rich nations against the losing out in protecting the global environment

C. to persuade the impoverished people to sacrifice their short-term benefit for long-term protection of the biodiversity

D. to take into account the difficulty of wildlife protection and stop endless debate 20. The author’s attitude towards preserving the natural habitats is ______. A. uncertain B. positive √ C. hopeless D. uneasy

Passage 5

The Internet seems to have just arrived, so how can we possibly imagine what will replace it? In truth, early versions of the Net have been around since the 1960s and 70s, but only after the mid-1990s did it begin to have a serious public impact. Since 1994, the population of users has

grown from about 13 million to more than 300 million around the world. What will the Internet be like 20 years from now? Like the rest of infrastructure, the Internet will eventually seem to disappear by becoming widespread. Most access will probably be via high-speed, low-power radio links. Most handheld, fixed and mobile appliances will be Internet enabled. This trend is already discernible in the form of Internet-enabled cell phones and personal digital assistants. Like the servants of centuries past, our household helpers will chatter with one another and with the outside help. So many appliances, vehicles and buildings will be online by 2020 that it seems likely there will be more things on the Internet than people. Internet-enabled cars and airplanes are coming online, and smart houses are being built every day. Eventually, programmable devices will become so cheap that we will embed them in the cardboard boxes into which we put other things for storage or shipping. These passive ―computers‖ will be activated as they pass sensors and will be able to both emit and absorb information. Such innovations will facilitate increasingly automatic manufacturing, inventory control, shipping and distribution. Checkout at the grocery store will be fully automatic, as will payment via your digital wallet. The advent of programmable, mini-scale machines will extend the Internet to things with the size of molecules that can be injected under the skin, leading to Internet-enabled people. Such devices, together with Internet-enabled sensors embedded in clothing, will avoid a hospital stay for medical patients who would otherwise be there only for observation. The speech processor used today in cochlear implants for the hearing impaired could easily be connected to the Internet; listening to Internet radio could soon be a direct computer-to-brain experience! The Internet will undergo substantial alteration as optical technologies allow the transmission of many trillions of bits per second on each Internet’s fiber-optic backbone network. The core of the network will remain optical, and the edges will use a mix of access technologies, ranging from radio and infrared to optical fiber and the old twisted-pair copper telephone lines. By then, the Internet will have been extended, by means of an interplanetary Internet backbone, to operate in outer space. How will this pervasive Internet access affect our daily lives? More and more of the world’s information will be accessible instantly and from virtually anywhere. In an emergency, our health records will be available for remote medical consultation with specialists and perhaps even remote surgery. More and more devices will have access to the global positioning system, increasing the value of geographically indexed databases. Using GPS with speech-understanding software that is emerging today, we will be able to get directions from our Internet as easily as we once got them at a filling station. Is there any downside to a society suffused with information and the tools to process it? Privacy will come at a premium. Enormous quantities of data about our daily affairs will flow across the Internet, working to make our lives easier. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past. Who should have access to our medical records and our financial information, and how will that access be controlled? Will we be able to search and use the vast information stored online without leaving trails across the Net? How will business transactions be taxed, and in what jurisdictions will disputed electronic transactions be resolved? How will intellectual property be protected? How will we prove that contracts were signed on a certain date, or that their terms and conditions have not been electronically altered? There are technical answers for many of these

questions, but some will require international agreements before they can be resolved. Perhaps even more daunting, in the face of Internet-wide virus attacks, is the realization that we will depend in larger and larger measure on the network’s functioning reliably. Making this system of millions of networks robust is a challenge for the present generation of Internet engineers. But I am an optimist and believe we are going to live in a world abundant with information and with the tools needed to use it wisely.

21. The main idea the author tries to convey is that ______. A. the Internet has already arrived

B. the Internet began to have a serious impact in 1990s C. the Internet is getting more and more popular

D. the Internet is developing fast ever since its appearance √

22. The Internet might seem to disappear because most access to the Internet is probably realized by ______.

A. high-speed, low-power radio links √ B. handheld mobile appliances C. internet-enabled cell phones D. personal digital assistants

23. The Internet will have a significant change thanks to optical technology, which ______. A. will make the Internet access more flexible

B. will make the Internet transmission more rapidly √ C. will make the Internet communication more convenient D. will make the Internet more useful in our life

24. The primary concern of online experience is ______. A. privacy √ B. convenience C. pricing D. conflict

25. The author’s attitude toward the future of the Internet is ______. A. doubtful B. cheerful √ C. biased D. depressed

Part II Vocabulary and Structure

1. As parts of the world become ______, millions of people will try to migrate to more ______ areas.

A. hospitable… uninhabitable B. uninhabitable… hospitable √ C. habitable… inhospitable D. inhospitable … uninhabitable

2. A(n) ______ is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running in an election or applying for a job. A. astronomer B. scientist C. candidate √ D. researcher

3. There are scientific satellites in __________ that measure wave heights, but too few to give reliable worldwide coverage. A. mark B. orbit √ C. store D. line

4. The first-year courses provide short introductions to these areas, while the second-year courses __________ the areas in greater depth. A. classify B. investigate √

C. clear D. examine

5. Their marriage was in danger of breaking up last year but it seems quite ______ now. A. favourable B. critical C. profitable D. stable √

6. If individuals are awakened each time as they began a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even if their total amount of sleep has been ______. A. efficient B. Sufficient √ C. deficient D. proficient

7. Linda didn’t like the work because it lacked __________; she was doing the same thing all the time.

A. anxiety B. priority C. variety √ D. society

8. She wanted to ask him all about his private life, but wisely __________ herself. A. rescued B. held C. restrained √ D. curbed

9. After he was attacked, he managed to __________ to the phone and call for help. A. pound B. come C. turn D. stagger √

10. The issue was whether or not the bacteria (细菌) in his body would __________ the local ecosystem. A. break B. balance C. contaminate √ D. contain

11. Moving to a new school can __________ a child’s education, especially between the ages of eleven and sixteen. A. upset B. balance C. disrupt √ D. disorder

12. China’s news media is following world trend by marketization and __________into enterprises. A. conversion B. translation C. transplanting D. transforming √

13. Up to 22 people were killed and 187 others injured in a suicide bomb attack which ______ a demonstration in a northern Iraqi city. A. transported B. targeted √ C. yielded D. aimed

14. The general secretary’s decision to invest was a ______ mistake, resulting in a heavy loss of money. A. firm B. private C. costly √ D. incentive

15. I feel nervous about the ______ of the experiment as it determines the future of this domain. A. outcome √ B. outlook C. output D. outline

16. Once attached to the host Program, the computer viruses then look for other programs to ______. A. affect B. effect

C. infect √ D. perfect

17. Their government always looks at problems from the financial viewpoint, and the social ______ is never considered. A. inspect B. prospect C. aspect √ D. respect

18. One’s appearance does not always ______ with his quality, so don’t judge people by looks. A. compare B. coincide √ C. collide D. content

19. We work best in a peaceful and comfortable __________ so as to increase our productivity and relieve our exhaustion. A. pace B. atmosphere √ C. rhyme D. hemisphere

20. The new _________ of this dictionary has not been in use yet, but its appearance has aroused quite a lot of attention. A. vision B. version √ C. variation D. verification

21. The news slowly __________ through to everyone in the office; finally everybody felt worried about the uncertainty of the future. A. melted B. froze C. filtered √ D. flowed

22. We do remember your initial objections, but unfortunately you didn’t place them ______. A. in register B. to document C. in between D. on record √

23. The cost may be lower than we first thought, but ______ it will still be quite substantial. A. in no case B. in any case √ C. in case of D. in case

24. Sometimes you can _______ valuable antiques by chance – for example when you’re clearing out an old building. A. come by √ B. come in C. come out D. come down

25. Obviously you came here intending to _______ the United States and you will need a work visa.

A. rest with B. resort to C. render into D. reside in √

26. You will find how to help your child to develop good habits and how to ______ with the bad ones that can cause so much embarrassment and distress. A. deal √ B. agree C. calculate D. endeavor

27. We’ve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large ______. A. quantity B. scale √ C. quality D. proportion

28. It is a universal ______ that man is different from all the other animals because man can communicate with each other by means of language. A. admission B. permission

C. acknowledgement √ D. advancement

29. Due to the limited seating _____ of the hall, merely about 700 journalists were present for the press conference. A. capacity √ B. capability C. possibility D. probability

30. When he applied for a ______ in the office of the local newspaper he was told to see the manager.

A. position √ B. location C. profession D. career

31. The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual __________ until only 40 people were left. A. declination B. incline C. inclination D. decline √

32. For such a tiny woman she had a(n)______ courage to fight against two thieves. A. incredible √ B. resistant C. staple D. massive

33. One cause of the current food crisis is ______ and food prices are high in part because of the dry weather in these places. A. flood B. cough C. rough D. drought √

34. Coal can be ______ into gas with the help of the modern technology. A. yield B. converted √ C. overcame D. reverted

35. Many Internet users are worried about their privacy being ______ and their secrets being revealed by online hackers. A. invaded √ B. intaken C. invented D. investigated

36. The new ______ edition of this book focuses specifically on the complexities of grammatical choices that students need to master. A. altered B. converted C. modified D. revised √

37. The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its __________. A. habitats B. Inhabitants √ C. habits D. inherits

38. Enough lava had __________ from the volcano to bury the entire village. A. disrupted B. splashed C. erupted √ D. spilt

39. You are legally ______ to take faulty goods back to the store where you bought them. A. devoted B. entitled √ C. accessed D. contributed

40. Time and time again, women seem to ______ on promotion and career opportunities. A. fall out B. lose out √ C. wipe out D. put out

41. Scientists claimed yesterday to have __________ the riddle of the birth of the Universe.

A. dissolved B. solved √ C. involved D. revolved

42. Over 30 years, he devoted himself to ______ the collections of the Summer Palace and to the research of their crafts. A. identifying B. simplifying C. clarifying D. classifying √

43. Now the key issue is who is going to ______ the responsibility and make up for the losses from this accident. A. undergo B. underlie C. underline D. undertake √

44. Theories have been proposed by astronomers to ______ electrical disturbances （干扰） in the atmosphere. A. apply for B. allow for C. account for √ D. appeal for

45. The population isn’t ______ evenly across the nation but unevenly among the forty neighborhood types, with distinct socioeconomic levels, family life cycles and ethnic makeups. A. attributed B. polluted

C. distributed √ D. contributed

46. Before you begin preparing for the second ______ of the interview, you’d better make a list of topics related to your country, culture, lifestyle and personal interests. A. phrase B. case C. phase √ D. kind

47. It helps children to ______ having the light off and the door shut during the night because darkness and quietness prepares the brain for sleep. A. use B. used to C. get using to D. get used to √

48. The committee has made some recommendations, but it is _______ the President to make the final decision. A. rest with B. apt to C. up to √ D. in accord with

49. She devised a plan ______ they might escape from the tightly guarded prison. A. whereas B. wherein C. whereby √ D. whereabouts

50. All applicants are questioned by a __________ of experienced interviewers. A. pack B. school C. panel √ D. swarm

Part III Cloze

Passage 1

If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses. Success or (1) in your work would (2) , to a great extent, (3) your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best (4) . Of the utmost importance is your attitude. A person (5) begins a job, being convinced that he isn’t going to like it or (6) that he is going to fail, is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder（阻碍） his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure in his (7) that he is probably as capable (8) doing the work as

anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt (9) it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well.

(10) the prerequisite （必须的） skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A bookkeeper who can’t add or a carpenter who can’t cut a straight line with a saw (11) hopeless cases.

This book has been designed to help you capitalize (12) the strength and (13) the weakness that you bring to the job of learning. But in group to measure your development, you must first (14) stock of where you stand now. (15) we get further along in the book, we’ll be (16) in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening (17) skills. However, (18) begin with, you should (19) to examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your (20) , your reading and communication skills, and your study habits. 1. A. improvement B. victory C. failure √ D. achievement 2. A. depend √ B. present C. separate D. interact 3. A. in B. on √ C. of D. to 4. A. excess B. advantage √ C. necessity D. productivity 5. A. who √ B. what C. that D. which 6. A. ensure B. assure C. sure √ D. surely 7. A. version B. balance C. pattern D. belief √ 8. A. to B. at C. of √ D. for 9. A. near B. on C. by D. at √ 10. A. Have B. Had C. Having √ D. Had been 11. A. being B. been C. are D. is √ 12. A. except B. but C. for D. on √ 13. A. overhear B. overcome √ C. overtake D. overlook 14. A. make B. take √ C. do D. give 15. A. As √ B. Till C. Over D. Out 16. A. treated B. treating C. dealt D. dealing √

17. A. learnt B. learned C. learning √ D. learn 18. A. around B. to C. from D. beside 19. A. pause √ B. tend C. afford D. devote 20. A. strength B. status C. attitude √ D. weakness Passage 2

A consumer’s buyer behavior is influenced by four major factors; cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. These (1) cause consumers to develop product and brand preferences. Although many of these factors cannot be directly controlled by marketers, understanding of their (2) is essential as marketing mix strategies can be developed to appeal to the preferences of the target market.

One factor that can influence consumers is their mood state. Mood may be defined (3) a temporary and mild positive or negative feeling that is generalized and not tied (4) any particular circumstance. Moods should be (5) from emotions which are usually more intense, (6) to specific circumstances, and often conscious. In one sense, the effect of a consumer’s mood can be thought of in (7) the same way as can our reactions to the (8) of our friends — when our friends are happy and ―up‖, that trends to influence us positively, but when they are ―down‖, that can have a (9) impact on us. Similarly, consumers operating under a (10) mood state tend to react to stimuli (刺激) in a direction (11) with that mood state. Thus, for example, we should expect to see (12) in a positive mood state evaluate products in more of a (13) manner than they would when not in such a state. (14), mood states appear capable of (15) a consumer’s memory.

Moods appear to be (16) influenced by marketing techniques. For example, the rhythm, pitch, and volume of music has been shown to influence behavior such as the (17) of time spent in supermarkets or (18) to purchase products. (19), advertising can influence consumers’ moods which, in (20), are capable of influencing consumer’ reactions to products.

1. A. factors √ C. units 2. A. result C. target 3. A. with C. as 4. A. up C. under 5. A. divided

B. elements D. procedures B. impact √ D. product B. about D. by

B. to √ D. over B. derived

D. distinguished √ B. related √ D. associated B. still D. even

√

C. depended 6. A. referred C. analyzed 7. A. thus

C. much √

8. A. behavior √ C. signal 9. A. relative C. sensitive 10. A. fixed

B. gesture D. view B. negative √ D. decisive B. granted D. driven B. resistant D. Consistent √ B. consumers √ D. manufacturers B. serious D. critical B. However D. Otherwise B. raising D. enhancing √ B. readily √ D. cautiously B. scope D. range B. functions D. reflections B. In addition √ D. In general B. depth D. detail

C. given √ 11. A. insistent C. persistent 12. A. retailers C. businessmen 13. A. casual

C. favorable √ 14. A. Moreover √ C. Nevertheless 15. A. lifting C. cultivating 16. A. rarely C. currently 17. A. extent C. amount 18. A. strategies C. intentions 19. A. In short C. In fact 20. A. turn C. total Passage 3

√

√

√

Throughout the past century humanity did everything in its power to control nature. We dammed earth’s rivers, (1) down the forests and exhausted the soils. Burning up fuels, we (2) a great deal of greenhouse gases into the air, (3) the chemistry of the atmosphere and warming the planet in just a few decades. And as our population began the year 2000 (4) the 6 billion mark, still spreading across the continents, dozens of animals and plant species were (5) every day, including the first primate to disappear in more than 200 years.

At the start of the 21st century there were unmistakable signs that nature was beginning to take its (6) . Melting ice in both poles of the earth suggested that the climate was changing rapidly. Weather was even more (7) than usual, giving some places too little rain and others too much. Fires (8) across the dried American West last summer, and recent storms (9) damages from Britain to China. No specific event could be directly (10) on global warming, floods and drought will be more frequent – and severe. Others sad signs from an (11) planet include falling grain and fish harvest and fiercer (12) for scare water supplies.

(13) , there were also, in the year 2000, signs of great awareness. (14) by the Internet, hundreds of millions people gathered for the 30th anniversary of Earth Day. Governments from Washington to Lima (15) steps to protect the large wild areas from development. Progress was made toward using more (16) energy from the wind and the sun, and new cars that used both gasoline and electricity (17) fuel-economy statistics.

The goal for the new century is ― (18) development‖. Is that possible? It (19) on how well we understand that (20) is part of nature, not lord and master of it. 1. A. tapped C. chopped √ 2. A. drained C. reversed 3. A. altering √ C. composing 4. A. reached C. resided 5. A. killing off C. ending off 6. A. destiny C. damage 7. A. Changeable √ C. exploitable 8. A. rushes C. rates 9. A. scattered C. spread √ 10. A. accused C. answered 11. A. overwhelmed C. overpopulated 12. A. sacrifice C. competition √ 13. A. Therefore C. Besides 14. A. Connected √ C. Concentrated 15. A. put C. took √ 16. A. revisable C. retrievable 17. A. set aside C. spoke off 18. A. supportive

B. swayed D. tore B. streamed D. pumped √ B. extracting D. mounting B. beyond √ D. above B. dying out √ D. ceasing out B. condemn D. Revenge √ B. inevitable D. accessible B. races √ D. ranks B. swept D. suffered B. blamed √ D. tied B. overtaken D. overburdened √ B. provision D. debate B. However √ D. Consequently B. Converted D. Confined B. made D. entered B. reversible D. renewable √ B. rested with D. kept on √ B. Sustainable √

C. successive 19. A. Depends √ C. defends 20. A. development C. humanity √ Passage 4

D. susceptible B. deprives D. defines B. species D. ecology

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that (1) does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2) then, however, were the new, positive (3) that work against the digital divide. (4) , there are reasons to be (5) . There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6) , it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential (7) there are. More and more (8) , afraid their countries will be left (9) , want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10) together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11) rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12) world poverty that we’ve ever had.

Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to (13) poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has (14) potential.

To (15) advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16) respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17) of their sovereignty（主权）might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States (18) its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19) America’s Second Wave infrastructure— (20) roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. 1. A. divide √ C. world 2. A. unclear C. invisible 3. A. forces √ C. events 4. A. Seriously

B. information D. lecture

B. visible √ D. distinct B. obstacles D. surprises B. Entirely

C. Actually √ 5. A. negative C. pleasant 6. A. developed C. realized 7. A. users C. customers √ 8. A. enterprises C. officials 9. A. away C. aside 10. A. netted √ C. put 11. A. decrease C. neglect 12. A. containing C. keeping 13. A. win C. defeat √ 14. A. enormous √ C. numerical 15. A. bring C. hold 16. A. at C. of 17. A. infection C. invasion √ 18. A. invented C. built √ 19. A. why √ C. when 20. A. concerning C. according Passage 5

D. Continuously B. optimistic √ D. disappointed B. centralized D. commercialized √ B. producers D. citizens B. governments √ D. customers B. for D. behind √ B. worked D. organized B. narrow √ D. low B. preventing D. combating √ B. beat D. fear B. endless D. numbered B. keep D. take √ B. with √ D. for B. investment D. insult B. guided D. erected B. where D. how B. concluding D. including √

In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the manipulation of life at a (1) level — the gene. The study of genetics has (2) a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it incorporates biology (3) modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working passionately to (4) seeds that give a high yield, that (5) diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for (6) chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most (7). But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.

In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain (8) . A rose can be crossed with a

different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, (9) usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another (10) to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze (11) from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. (12), then, biotechnology allows humans to breach the genetic walls that separate species.

Like the green revolution, (13) some call, the gene revolution (14) to the problem of genetic uniformity—some say even more so (15) geneticists can employ techniques such (16) cloning and organ culture (培养), processes that produce perfectly (17) copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new (18), such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (19) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential (20),‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 1. A. fundamental √ C. mental 2. A. got along with

C. come up with 3. A. into

C. with √ 4. A. raise C. cultivate √ 5. A. restrict

C. reverse 6. A. hostile √ C. hopeless 7. A. beneficial √

C. lasting 8. A. lines

C. species √ 9. A. after all C. in any case 10. A. to the point

C. in an attempt √ 11. A. quality C. priority 12. A. In essence √ C. In advance 13. A. what

C. as √ 14. A. combine

B. governmental D. instrumental B. given rise to √ D. lived up to B. from D. for

B. experiment D. gather B. resist √ D. recur B. useless D. harmless B. disappointing D. glooming B. limits D. ages

B. on the other hand √ D. as a rest B. in no case D. with regard B. superiority D. quantity B. In part D. In return B. where D. so

B. contributes √

C. command 15. A. that √ C. if 16. A. like

C. as √ 17. A. resembling C. similar 18. A. issues √ C. difficulties 19. A. spot C. deadline 20. A. navigation C. outcomes √

D. break B. because D. when

B. for example D. is B. alike

D. identical √ B. height D. goals B. era √ D. scheme B. mystery D. destination

Part IV E-C Translation

1. But dependency is no vice when the habit is healthful — and you don’t have to be an Olympian to benefit.

1.但依赖性也并非坏事，只要它是有益于健康的 — 你不必非是个奥运选手才能获益。

2. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past.

2.尽管我们愿意牺牲隐私来换取便利，网络经历可能让我们渴望回到―隐姓埋名‖的过去。 3. While cautioning that margin of error was large enough for render data from the early centuries untrustworthy, they found that 20th century was the warmest of the millennium.

3.尽管他们告诫误差幅度较大，有关早前几个世纪的数据可能不太可靠，但同时他们也发现，20世纪的确是上一千年中最热的一个世纪。

4. There has been some concern that the larger denomination notes — a 500 note is worth approximately 315 at the current exchange rate — will be rich pickings for counterfeiters, especially in the early days as people get used to the new currency.

4.目前令人担心的是高面值欧元纸币可能出现的假币问题，500欧元的纸币按目前的汇率值315英镑，这为造假者牟取暴利提供了很大便利，尤其是在人们对欧元还不太熟悉的初期阶段。

5. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities.

5.从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃（碳和氢）化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。

Part V C-E Translation

1.请允许我向你的成功表示祝贺。(congratulate on)

1. Allow (Permit) me to congratulate you on your success.

2.不管怎样，在我们对人类对环境的影响做出科学的评估之前，仍有很长的一段路要走。(in any case).

2. In any case, there is a long way to go before we give a scientific assessment of human influence on the environment.

3.他虽然学识渊博，但对这种生物科技引起的情况他也不知道如何应付。(for all )

3. For all his learning, he didn’t know how to cope with the situation caused by the biotechnology.

4.管理者的层次越低，越有可能花时间去执行非管理性任务。(the more…, the more…) 4. The lower the level, the more likely a manager is to spend time performing nonmanagerial tasks.

5.山起着稳定地球外壳的作用。（play a role in）

5. Mountains play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth.

Part I Reading Comprehension

CDABB 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50

DDABC

ABBCD

CCCAB

DABAB

Part II Vocabulary and Structure

BCBBD CDBCA CDBAD DADBA BDDCC

BCCDC CCBBB ABCAA DBCBB CDCCC

Part III Cloze

Passage 1

CABBA CDCDC DDBBA DCBAC Passage 2

ABCBD BCABC DBCAD BCCBA Passage 3

CDABB DABCB DCBAC DDBAC Passage 4

ABACB DCBDA BDCA D BCCA D Passage 5

ABCCB AACBC AACBA CDABC

Part IV E-C Translation

1.但依赖性也并非坏事，只要它是有益于健康的 — 你不必非是个奥运选手才能获益。 2.尽管我们愿意牺牲隐私来换取便利，网络经历可能让我们渴望回到―隐姓埋名‖的过去。 3.尽管他们告诫误差幅度较大，有关早前几个世纪的数据可能不太可靠，但同时他们也发现，20世纪的确是上一千年中最热的一个世纪。

4.目前令人担心的是高面值欧元纸币可能出现的假币问题，500欧元的纸币按目前的汇率值315英镑，这为造假者牟取暴利提供了很大便利，尤其是在人们对欧元还不太熟悉的初期阶段。

5.从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃（碳和氢）化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。

Part V C-E Translation

1. Allow (Permit) me to congratulate you on your success.

2. In any case, there is a long way to go before we give a scientific assessment of human influence on the environment.

3. For all his learning, he didn’t know how to cope with the situation caused by the biotechnology. 4. The lower the level, the more likely a manager is to spend time performing nonmanagerial tasks.

5. Mountains play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth.