关系分句(定语从句)

关系分句

关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构，这种分局结构又称为“定语从句”。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即“定语”）。但是，关系分句除作“定语”外，还可以表示其他意义，所以称其结构特征为“关系分句”。

☆ 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。

This is the book that I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。

4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为\"的\"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）

比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.

He has a sister who is a musician.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc.

1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.

2. Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.

3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.

4. He was proud, which his brother never was.

一. 在下列情况下只用that，不用which

① 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时

There is nothing ( that ) I can do.

I mean the one that was brought yesterday.

② 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时

I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. ③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

This is the first composition (that)he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.

④先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时

The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like.

This is the very book (that) I want to find.

The last place( that) we visited was the hospital.

This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.

⑤ 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用tha引导(that既可指人也可指物)

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

注意：①that不能引导非限制性定语从句

②that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用which,指人用whom）

二、定语从句中用which，而不用that 的情况:

①当关系代词的前面有介词时.

1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.

2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?

②在非限制性定语从句中.

1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .

2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)

③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .

1. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.（定语从句）

试比较：I know that we should study hard and that we should keep healthy.(宾语从句)

④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.

1. Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.

⑤先行词本身是that, 宜用which .

What's that which she is looking at?

⑥先行词是those+复数名词.

A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.

注意：关系代词作介词宾语: 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.在从句原来的位置上.

例：This is the house in which I live. = This is the house which/that/省略 I live in.

Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?

但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，如look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy.

三．在非限制性定语从句中

1. 无关系代词 that ,只有which，who，whom

2. most of + which/whom引导的定语从句属非限定性定语从句，从句前应有逗号与主句分开，除most外，还有many, some, any, all, none, several, few, both, half, the majority, a number, the youngest, three(数词)in front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of + which等

例句：They have four children, all of who are now at school.

We have tested three types of boot, many of which are waterproof.

３. 在非限制性定语从句中的as, which

1). the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中,只用as

This is not such a book as I expected.

I live in the same building as he (lives in).

Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.

As many children as came here were my father’s pupils.

2). as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：

1．as has been said before 如上所述as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的

那样

as is well known 众所周知 as was expected 正如预料的那样

as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样

as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样

as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。

As is known to all, Beijing is the capital of China.= Beijing is the capital of China, as is known to all.

All that glitters is not gold, which is a truth.

四. 易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句

1.定语从句与同位语从句

定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“…的”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容，是that从句。同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：

① We all have heard the news that our team won.

(同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)

② We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.

(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)

2. 定语从句与状语从句。试比较：

① He left the key where he had been an hour before.

(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)

② He left the place where he lived for many years.

(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place)

③ He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.

(as 引导定语从句)

④ He is such a good teacher that we all like him.

(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)

3．定语从句与主语从句。 试比较：

① As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.

(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)

It is known to all that paper was first made in China.

(It 作形式主语，指代后面的整个句子。)

4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：

① It is the house where I met the young man.

(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)

② It was in the house that I met the young man.

(本句为强调结构，可还原为 I met the young man in the house.)

五、定语从句可缩略为短语：

1、 缩略为分词短语 有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词（who, which,例如：

1) I know the men (who are) sitting in that car.

2) The boys helped the people (that were) hurt in the accident.

3) The problem (which is) bothering everybody is the lack of money.

4) The book (that has been) given to him is an English novel.

有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。 例如：

The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking。

The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.

Bill, who had taken chemistry in high school, offered to help him .

Bill, having taken chemistry in high school, offered to help him.

2、缩略为形容词短语 若定词从句为主体表结构，且表语由形容短词充当，

可直接略去作主词的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定词从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。

1）The men (who were ) responsible for the administration of the school refused to consider the matter .

2).We said goodbye to Mrs. Long, (who was) still busy at her chores.

3).The puppy, (which was) too excited to be calmed,barked furiously.

3．缩略为名词短语 由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。

1）The company commander, (who was) Captain Madison, assembled his men and announced their mission.

2）You should have a talk with Mr. Worth,(who is the) adviser to students.

3) We finally reached Rio,(which was) the end or our journey.

4．缩略为介词短语

若定语从句为主系表句型，且表语为介语短语，可略去主语关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。

He spoke to the girl (who was)from New York.

此外，若定语从句中含“有”动词（has, have, had），用介词with / without 取替定语从句中主语关系代词和“有”动词，使定语从句缩略为介词 with / without 短语作后置定语。With 适用于肯定的定语从句；without 适用于否定的定语从句。

The company wants men who have experience.→The company wants men with experience.

My father went up to the woman who bad a book under her arm. →My father went up to the women with a book under her arm.

5、缩略为动词不定式短词

某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语，例如：

1）You need someone who can look after you. You need someone to look after you

2) The way you should start the machine is to press the button.

The way to start the machine is to press the button.

3) There are still many obstacles that must be overcome.

There are still many obstacles to (be) overcome.

六、 关系副词引导的定语从句:

●When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.） when = at/in/on/during + which

He came last night when I was out.

We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.

注意：先行词为\"时间名词\"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）

Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.（作主语）

I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语）

●Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. Where = at/in/to… + which

This is the place where I was born.

I live in the room where /in which he used to live.

注意：先行词是\"地点名词\"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）

I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.

He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.

2. ●Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which

指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。

The reason why / for which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.

I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语）

Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）

注意：当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which, which，而that常可以省略。

way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语

时，则用which或that 引导。如:

This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.

比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you.