旅游业的发展

大众旅游时代的到来，使旅游日益成为现代人类社会主要的生活方式和社会经济活动，旅游业以其强劲的势头成为全球经济产业中最具活力的“朝阳产业”。随着社会生产力不断发展， 劳动生产率不断提高，以及人们生活水平的迅速提高和带薪假期的增加，旅游业将持续高速度发展，成为世界最重要的经济部门之一。据预测，未来10 年间，我国旅游业将保持年均10.4%的增长速度，其中个人旅游消费将以年均9.8%的速度增长，企业、旅游消费增长速度将达到10.9%；到2010年我国旅游总收入占GDP的比例将达到8%；到2020 年中国将成为世界第一大旅游目的地国和第四大客源输出国。作为新兴消费热点行业之一的旅业，在我国将迎来巨大的发展机遇，很多省区和重要城市都把旅游业作为支柱行业和重点行业来发展。

一、旅游的概念

国内外关于旅游的定义多种多样，一些专家、学者和研究机构分别从交往、流动、目的地、时间、相互关系、生活方式等不同角度对旅游进行了界定。德国的蒙根·罗德1927年指出，旅游从狭义的理解是那些暂时离开自己的住地，为了满足生活和文化的需要，或各种各样的愿望，而作为经济和文化商品的消费者逗留在异地的人的交往。瑞士学者汉沃克尔和克拉普夫1942年对旅游进行了定义，认为旅游是非定居者的旅行和暂时居留而引起的一种社会现象及社会关系的总和，这些人不会因而永久居留，并且主要不从事赚钱的活动。这个定义于20世纪70年代被旅游科学专家国际联合会所采用，并成为国际上普遍接受的定义。奥地利维也纳经济大学旅游研究所20世纪50年代指出，旅游可以理解为是暂时在异地的人在空余时间的活动，主要是出于修养；其次是出于受教育、扩大知识和交际的原因的旅行；再是参加这样或那样的组织活动，以及改变有关的关系和作用。英国的伯卡特和梅特列克1974年指出，旅游发生于人们前往和逗留在各种旅游地的活动，是人们离开他平时居住和工作的地方，短期暂时前往一个旅游目的地运动和逗留在该地的各种活动。美国密执安大学的伯特·麦金托什和夏西肯特·格波特1980年指出，旅游可以定义为在吸引和接待旅游及其访问者的过程中，由于游客、旅游企业、东道及东道地区的居民的相互作用而产生的一切现象和关系的总和。我国经济学家于光远1985年指出，旅游是现代社会中居民的一种短期性的特殊生活方式，这种生活方式具有异地性、业余性和享受性等特点。世界旅游组织规定：旅游是指人们为休闲、商务或其他目的离开惯常环境，到其他地方访问，连续停留时间不超过一年的活动。在此定义的基础上，从事旅游活动的这些人不会导致在旅游目的地定居和就业。旅游的根本目的在于参与审美、娱乐和社会交往活动；旅游的社会属性和发展特征，决定了它是人们体验异地政治、文化、经济生活的一种高级娱乐活动，并已成为人们社会生活中不可或缺的高级需要形式；从事旅游活动的这些人不会导致在旅游目的地定居和就业；旅游具有异地性、流动性和暂时性的自身特征。 二、旅游业的概念

旅游业是以旅游资源为凭借、以旅游设施为条件，向旅游者提供旅行游览服务的行业。它是综合性的经济事业，其构成涉及社会许多部门。它的基础经济活动由旅行社、旅游饭店和旅游交通三大部门组成。此外，还有为旅游者服务的经营旅游商品的零售企业、园林设施、文化娱乐事业和公用事业等。旅游资源、旅游设施、旅游服务是旅游业赖以生存和发展的三大要素。旅游资源包括自然风光、历史古迹、遗址、建设成就、民族习俗等，是经营旅游业的吸引能力；旅游设施包括旅游交通设施、旅游住宿设施、旅游餐饮设施、旅游游乐设施等；旅游服务包括各种劳务和管理行为；旅游设施和旅游服务相结合是经营旅游业的接待能力。狭义的旅游业，在中国主要指旅行社、旅游饭店、旅游车船公司以及专门从事旅游商

品买卖的旅游商业等行业。广义的旅游业，除专门从事旅游业务的部门以外，还包括与旅游相关的各行各业。旅游业从业务类型看，包括3种类型 ：一是组织国内旅客在本国进行旅行游览活动的国内旅游，二是组织国内旅客到国外进行旅行游览活动的出境旅游，三是接待或招徕外国人到本国进行旅行游览活动的入境旅游，后两种类型的旅游业务活动属于涉外性质的业务。旅游业主要通过劳动服务的劳务形式，向社会提供无形效用，以满足旅游者进行旅行游览的消费需要，其行业基本特征是非生产性的，又称无烟工业。旅游业从整体上看，不是实现商品流通的经济部门，而是凭借旅游资源，利用旅游设施，提供吃、住、行、游、购、娱等劳务活动去满足旅游者旅行游览消费的需要，故也称为无形贸易。

三、旅游业在经济、社会发展中的作用

随着社会的发展，旅游业已成为全球经济中发展中势头最强劲和规模最大的产业之一，日益凸显它在国民经济中的重要地位。旅游业的发展以整个国民经济发展水平为基础并受其制约，同时又直接或间接地促进国民经济有关部门的发展。旅游业的发展经济、社会效益明显，能够促进促进我国产业结构调整和优化，为社会提供大量就业机会，提高人们的物质文化生活水平，在增进国际交流的同时促进招商引资，加快社会主义新农村建设步伐，以及促进经济与环境和社会的协调发展。

（一）增加资金积累和外汇收入

发展国内旅游业，有助于拓宽货币回笼渠道，加快货币回龙速度，扩大货币回笼量，因此能够加快资金周转，增加资金积累和

国民收入，为国际旅游业发展创造了坚实的物质基础和提供了难得的经营管理经验。发展国际旅游业能够增加外汇收入，旅游者必须要来旅游产品生产地进行消费，节省了商品外贸过程中的运输、仓储、保险等费用，降低了换汇成本；旅游出口不受客源国或地区贸易保护的，不受关税影响；旅游业创汇方便，无须产品包装、储运和其他繁杂的进出口手续。 （二）为社会提供大量就业机会

旅游业是一个综合性经济产业，涉及到社会许多相关产业，包括交通、建筑、通讯、贸易、餐饮服务、文化娱乐等产业。旅游业也是劳动密集型产业，就业门槛低，就业范围广，就业层次多，吸纳了大量因人口自然增长新增加的劳动力以及因产业结构调整升级从第一、第二产业转移出的大量富余劳动力。旅游的发展可以增加区域内的人流、物流、资金和信息流的流动，因此发展旅游业能为社会提供大量的就业机会。根据加拿大学者的系统模型理论，旅游业收入每增加3万美元，就将增加1个直接就业机会和2.5个间接就业机会。世界旅游组织研究报告也指出，旅游业每增加一个从业人员，相关行业就增加5个就业机会。 （三）促进我国产业结构调整和优化

在我国，巩固第一产业、提高第二产业、发展第三产业是经济结构调整的总体部署和思路。旅游业是一个综合性产业，具有十分突出的关联带动作用，发挥着带动其他产业发展的核心作用，不仅直接给航空、交通、饭店、餐饮服务、商业网点、景区、经典等带来了客源和市场，而且间接地带动和影响了农村和城市建设、加工制造、文化体育等行业的发展。旅游业发展将增加旅游业在第三产业中的比重，有利于第三产业内部结构的调整；同时还增加了第三产业在整个国民经济中的比重，加快一、二、三产业之间结构的调整，促进我国国民经济健康发展。新时期我国产业结构调整的成功有赖于旅游业的快速发展。

（四）提高人们的物质文化生活水平

由于大量本地居民从事旅游业或相关行业，个人和家庭的收入大大增加；另一方面，旅游业发展促进了设施建设和环境改善，居民的生活质量不断提高，生活环境不断改善。大量旅游者的来访和城市市民的大量出游，开拓了眼界，丰富了地理、文史和风俗民情等知识，提高了对生活的要求。旅游业的发展往往会带来城市居民素质和文化素养的提高。旅游作为

一种实践活动，其发展能满足人民群众日益增长的文化需要，对弘扬民族文化、提高国民文明素质都将发挥积极的作用。

（五）加快社会主义新农村建设步伐

国家旅游局2006年的旅游宣传主题为“2006中国乡村游”,并且提出了“新农村、新旅游、新体验、新风尚”的鲜明口号。这为我国乡村旅游的发展带来了新的机遇。乡村旅游点所聘用的服务人员主要来自家庭成员和当地居民，在经营旅游服务的同时积极推销花卉、花果农作物产品，既降低了经营风险，又增加了农作物附加效益。在开发乡村旅游的同时，将会加快小城镇建设步伐，积极进行“村村通”道路建设和旅游区内道路建设，以及村社环境整治活动。以农家乐为主的乡村旅游对于拓宽农民增收渠道、增加农民就业机会和提升农村精神文明发挥了重要作用，促进了农民向非农领域转化，加快了传统的农村种植经济向服务经济转变，推动了社会主义新农村建设进程。 （六）改善投资环境，促进招商引资

许多外国投资者都是通过旅游来认识中国、了解中国的投资环境以及丰富的旅游资源和潜在的旅游市场。旅游的宣传效应率为1比8，即一个旅游者对当地的印象可影响8个人。旅游业一般不受贸易壁垒干扰和出口配额的。因此，国际上普遍认为旅游业是最优秀的出口产业。发展旅游业可带来大量的人流、物流、信息流、资金流，大量的企业家、专家和学者通过旅游带来了最新的技术、信息和先进的经营管理理念，有利于我们低成本地学习和借鉴别人有用的东西，加快观念更新，促进本地区扩大对外开放及与国际接轨。据不完全统计，从1978年至今，全国利用外资进行旅游开发建设的资金已超过200亿美元，其中150亿美元用于旅游饭店建设，20亿美元进行旅游景观建设。

Along with society's development, the tourism has become in the global economic to develop the tendency to be strongest and one of scale biggest industries, day by day highlights it in the national economy important position. The tourism development take the entire national economy level of

development as the foundation and its restriction, simultaneously directly or promotes indirectly the national economy Department concerned's development.

Advent of the age of mass tourism, the tourism has increasingly become a modern human society is main way of life and the social economy activity, tourism with its strong momentum of global economy has become the

industry's most dynamic \"sunny industry\". With the continuous development of social productivity, labor productivity rises ceaselessly, and people living standard rise quickly and holidays with salary increase, tourism will continue high speed develops, become the world 's most important economic sector. According to the forecast, the future 10 years, China's tourism industry will maintain year all the growth rate of 10.4%, in which the individual tourist consumption will increase by an annual average of 9.8%, enterprise,

government tourist consumption growth rate will reach 10.9%; to 2010 our country tourism revenue in the proportion of GDP will reach 8%; by 2020 China will become the world's first tourism destination country and the fourth largest source of tourists. As a new consumption hot spots of tourism industry in our country, will usher in the great development opportunities, many provinces and

important city regard the tourism industry as a pillar industry and key industry to develop.

1. the concept of Tourism

At home and abroad on the definition of tourism is varied, some experts, scholars and research institutions from communication, mobility, destination, time, relationships, and way of life of different perspectives on tourism are

defined. Germany's Meng Gen Rhodes pointed out on 1927, traveling from the narrow understanding is those who leave their residence, in order to meet the needs of life and cultural needs, or various desires, and as the economic and cultural consumer goods stay in different people. The Swiss scholar Hans Volcker and Krapf 1942 on Tourism defined, that tourism is a travel and

temporary settlers caused by a kind of social phenomenon and the sum total of social relations, these people are not permanent residence, and not primarily engaged in profit-making activity. This definition in the nineteen seventies by the International Association of scientific experts in tourism by, and become the internationally accepted definition. Austria University of economics Vienna Institute of tourism studies nineteen fifties pointed out, tourism can be

understood as is temporarily in the different people in your spare time activities, primarily for training; second is for education, expanding the knowledge and communicative reason travel; and to participate in this or that the activities of the organization, as well as related to changes in the relationship and effect of. Britain's Peter Carter and Mette leks in 1974 that occurs in people, travel to and stay in a variety of tourism activities, is the people away from his usual residence and place of work, temporary travel to a destination of movement and length of stay in the various activities. The United States of America Michigan University Bert Mcintosh and summer West Kent Potter noted in 1980, tourism can be defined as the attract and reception tourism and visitors in the process, due to tourists, tourism enterprises, the government and the residents arising from the interaction of the phenomena and relationships. Our country economist Yu Guangyuan pointed out on 1985, tourism is in the

modern society the residents of a short-term special way of life, this way of life is different, amateur and enjoyment etc.. The World Tourism Organization

stipulates: tourism refers to people for leisure, business or other purposes from the usual environment, to other places to visit, continuous residence time no more than a year of activity. Based on this definition, engaged in tourism activities of these people will not lead to settle in tourist destinations and employment. Tourism 's fundamental purpose is to participate in aesthetic, entertainment and social activities; tourism social attributes and characteristics of the development, it is for people to experience the different political, cultural, and economic life of a senior entertainment activities, and has become the indispensable social life and the senior form; in tourism activities of these

people does not lead to settle in tourist destinations and tourism employment; with different sex, fluidity and transient characteristics.

2 the concept of tourism industry

Tourism is tourism resource, tourism facilities with conditions, to provide tourists travel travel service industry. It is a comprehensive economic

undertakings, which involves many sectors of society. It is the foundation of economic activity by the travel agency, the Turist Hotel and tourist traffic three departments. In addition, there are services for tourists to business travel goods retail enterprises, garden facilities, cultural entertainment industry and public utilities. Tourism resources, tourism facilities, tourism is the tourism

industry's survival and development of the three elements. Tourism resources, including natural scenery, historical relics, a revolutionary site, construction achievement, ethnic customs, business tourism attraction; tourism facilities include tourism transportation facilities, accommodation facilities, tourism and catering facilities, recreational facilities and other tourism; tourism services include a variety of services and management behavior; tourist facilities and tourism service combination the tourist reception capacity. Narrow sense tourism industry in China, mainly refers to the travel agency, the Turist Hotel, tourism travel company and specialized in the tourism commodities trading of commercial tourism industry. General tourism, in addition to the specialized is engaged in tourism business outside the Department, also includes tourism-related businesses. Tourism industry from the business types,

including 3 types: one is the organization of domestic tourists in the national tour activities of domestic tourism, the two is to organize domestic travelers to foreign travel sightseeing tour, three is received or to attract foreigners to the country tour activities of inbound tourism, the latter two types of tourism business activity belong to foreign nature of the business. Tourism mainly through labor services labor form, to the community to provide intangible effectiveness, in order to meet the needs of tourists travel tour consumption needs, its industry characteristics are unproductive, also known as a

smokeless industry. The tourism industry as a whole, not the realization of commodity circulation sector of the economy, but by virtue of tourism

resources, the tourism facilities, to provide food, housing, travel, shopping, entertainment, and other services to satisfy the tourist travel tour consumption needs, it is also known as the invisible trade.

3 , the tourism industry in the economic, social development

With the development of society, tourism has become the global economic to develop the tendency to be strongest and largest industries, day by day highlights it in the national economy important position. The development of tourism industry in the entire national economy level of development as the foundation and its restriction, but also directly or indirectly promote national economic departments of development. The development of tourism economy, social benefit is apparent, can promote industrial structure adjustment and Optimization in China, for the community to provide a large number of

employment opportunities, improve people's material and cultural life level, in the promotion of international exchange and promote investment, quicken the construction of socialism new countryside, and promoting economic and environmental and social harmonious development.

（1） increase accumulation of capital and foreign exchange income

The development of domestic tourism, help to broaden the channels of

monetary currency, accelerate the speed of expanding the money back, return, so as to accelerate the capital turnover, increase capital accumulation and National income, for the development of international tourism industry to create a solid material base and offers unique management experience. The development of international tourism can increase foreign exchange earnings, tourists must travel product consumption, save foreign trade in the process of transport, warehousing, insurance costs, reducing the exchange cost; tourism exports from source country or area trade protection limit, not affected by tariff; tourism foreign exchange is convenient, no product packaging, storage and transportation and other complicated procedures for import and export. ( 2) for the community to provide more employment opportunities

Tourism is a comprehensive industry, relates to many related industries, including transportation, building, communication, trade, catering services, culture and entertainment industry. Tourism industry is labor concentrated model industry, obtain employment doorsill is low, obtain employment range is wide, employment levels, to absorb a large number of natural growth of the population increase because of new labour and the industrial structure adjustment and upgrade from the first, second industrial transfer of surplus labor. The development of tourism can increase the area of the flow, logistics, capital and information flow, thus the development of tourism can provide the community with a large number of employment opportunities. According to the Canadian academic system model theory, tourism revenues increased by $30000, will add 1 jobs directly and 2.5 indirect jobs. The World Tourism Organization Tourism Research Report also pointed out, each adding a practitioners, related industries will create 5 jobs.

(3) to promote the industrial structure adjustment and Optimization in China In our country, the consolidation of the first industry, improve the development of the tertiary industry is the second industry, the adjustment of economic structure in the overall deployment and train of thought. Tourism is a comprehensive industry, has a very prominent association leading role, playing a central role in the development of other industry drive, not only directly to the aviation, transportation, hotel, catering services, commercial

outlets, scenic, classic brings customers and markets, but also indirectly driven and affected rural and city construction, manufacturing, culture and sports industry development. Tourism development will increase tourism in the

tertiary industry proportion in the tertiary industry, conducive to the adjustment of the internal structure of the tertiary industry; at the same time also increases in the proportion in whole countryman economy, quicken one or two, three between the industry structure adjustment, the promotion of China's national economy health to develop. New period of structural adjustment of our country industry success depends on the rapid development of the tourism industry. ( 4) improve people's material and cultural life level

Due to the large number of local residents engaged in tourism industry or related industries, individual and family income increased significantly; on the other hand, tourism development to promote infrastructure construction and environmental improvement, people constantly improve the quality of life, living environment is improved ceaselessly. A large number of tourists visiting and city public large travel, developed field of vision, enriching the geography, history and customs and other knowledge, improve the requirements for life. The development of tourism will often bring about the quality of the city dwellers and improve the culture. Tourism is a kind of practical activities, its development can meet the growing cultural needs, to carry forward the

national culture, to improve the national quality of civilization will play an active role.

( 5) quicken the construction of socialism new countryside

National Tourism Bureau in 2006 tourism propaganda theme\" 2006 China Rural Tourism\experience, new fashion \" bright slogan. The development of rural tourism in China has brought new opportunities. Rural tourist attractions employ the services of personnel from family members and local residents, in the management of tourism services at the same time actively selling flowers, flower and fruit crops, which reduces the risk of operation, and increase the additional benefit of crop. In the development of rural tourism, will accelerate the pace of construction of small towns, and actively carry out\" village village is connected\" road construction and tourism in the region road construction, as well as the village environment remediation activities. The farm primarily rural tourism to widen the farmer is added receive channel, increase farmer obtain employment opportunities and promoting rural spiritual civilization plays an important role in promoting the farmers to non-agricultural areas,

transformation, accelerate the traditional rural growing economy to service economy, promote the process of building a new socialist countryside. ( 6) to improve the investment environment, promote capital attraction

Many foreign investors are to travel through the understanding of China, understanding China 's investment environment and rich tourism resources and potential tourism market. Tourism promotion effect rate of 1 to 8, whereby a tourists to local impression can affect 8 people. Tourism is generally

unaffected by the trade barriers and export quota limit interference. Therefore, international tourism is the most outstanding export industry. The development of tourism can bring a lot of stream of people, logistics, information flow, capital flow, plenty of entrepreneurs, experts and scholars through tourism brings the latest technology, information and advanced management concept, in favor of our low cost and learn from others is useful things, refresh idea, promote the expansion of foreign open and international standards. According to

incomplete statistics, since 1978, the country uses foreign capital to carry on the tourism development and construction funds are more than $20billion, including $15billion for the construction of a $2billion Turist Hotel, tourism landscape construction.