英语学习中的基本句型结构和句子成分

一、英语的基本句型结构

（一）、句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语动词)

这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如： work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：

1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。

2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。

3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 （二）、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, remain, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep, feel等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。

(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。

（三）、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语动词) ＋ Object (宾语)

这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：

1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词) 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。

3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式） 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。

4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。

※ 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：want, hope, expect, intend, demand, plan, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, prepare, manage, set out等。

※ 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：suggest, mind, enjoy, practice, finish, prevent, imagine, consider, look forward to, get used to, give up, can’t help等。

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（四）、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语动词)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)

这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：

1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。

2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为：

1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.

2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. （五）、句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (谓语动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语 ＋ 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：

1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。 （形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。

3) His father told him not to play in the street. (不定式) 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 ● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。

● 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：

1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。

2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。

（六）、句型6：There be + 主语 + 其它

这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是，当句中有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：

1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground.有两个女孩和一个男孩正在操场上跑。

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2） There is a cat behind the tree. 树后面有一只猫。

二、英语的句子成分

在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词、词组、短语或句子充当。

汉语：现代汉语里一般的句子成分有八种，即主语、谓语、宾语、动语，定语、状语，补语和中心语。

英语：主语（Subject）、谓语（Predicate）、宾语（Object）、表语（Predicative）、定语（Attribute）、状语（Adverbial)、宾语补足语（complement）和同位语（appositive）八种。

（一）、主语(The Subject)：是全句谈论的中心话题。 1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist. 2. He works very hard at school. 3. To go to a good university is his first goal. 4. Doing morning exercise is good for your health. 5.What she saw made her a little frightened. •动词不能用原形充当句子的主语!!!! -ed分语也不能作主语。 （二）、谓语(The Predicate)

•谓语回答主语做什么，怎么了，位于主语后，谓语动词包括不及物动词、及物动词和系动词。

•谓语必须由动词构成，有时只包含一个动词，有时候可包含几个词（如情态动词+动词，助动词+动词），并且有时态和语态的变化。

1. We love China. 2. She runs fast.

3. He can speak English. 4. She looks tired.

5.We have finished reading this book. 6.The game has been cancelled.

切记：•句子不能没有谓语！！！谓语必须由动词或动词短语构成，并要注意时态和语态变化！！

（三）、宾语(The Object)

宾语是动作的对象、目标；位于及物动词之后。 1. She is doing her homework now. 2. We love watching football games. 3.We managed to put the fire out. 4.I don't understand what you mean. 注：-ed分语不能作宾语。

有的动语后带有双宾语：直接宾语通常为人，间接宾语通常为物。 He brings me cookies every day. She bought him a new tie. （四）、宾语补足语

•有的动语后带有复合宾语：由宾语+宾语补足语构成。

•宾语和宾语补足语之间是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。 The sun keeps us warm. (adi) I heard him singing. (-ing) I asked him to come back soon. (to do) You must get your hair cut. (-ed)

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They made Tom monitor. (n) （五）、表语(The Predicative)

•表语主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等，位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成系表结构。

系动词(Link-verbs)有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的: be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的: remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的: become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; The boy is Tom.

The dish smells good. Is Helen in? The workers were on strike.

My aunt’s hobby is growing roses. Your job is to take care of the baby.

My opinion is that the plan won’t work. •表语不能由动词原形充当!!!! My job is repair cars. (×） My job is repairing cars. (√) （六）、定语(The Attribute)

•定语用来修饰限定名词，分为前置定语和后置定语。 1. The black bike is mine. 2. She is a chemistry teacher. 3. Help yourself to some fish.

4. There are twenty students in our class. 5. The man in blue is my brother. 6. The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.

7. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher. 注：定语有时包含在其它句子成分里。 （七）、状语 （The Adverbial）

•状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、 副词或句子的句子成分，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、范围和程度等。副词的主要功能就是在句中做状语。

1. We often help him. 2. Don't drive so fast. 3. You're entirely wrong.

4. He behaved extremely badly.

5. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. 6. When I grow up, I want to be a doctor. 7. We live in Hangzhou. （八）、同位语

同位语：把一个名语放在另一个名词或代词的后面，并且指同一人或物。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.

此外，还有插入语和呼语。

Some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one. Sit down, Mary!

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