初中英语十大词性详解和练习

在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。

一、名词

1、什么叫名词？

名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：mother妈妈 panda熊猫 library图书馆 pencil 铅笔 wish愿望 2、名词分类

（1）专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如：Mr. Green格林先生 the Spring Festival春节 the Great Wall长城 Britain英国 提示：关于单词首字母大写

1、句首的第一个单词的首字母要大写，Today is Thursday.

2、人名：姓和名两个单词第一个字母都大写， Mr. Ye, Mrs. Zhang 3、称呼、头衔的第一个字母要大写， Doctor Wang, Chairman Mao

4、国家、地名等专有名词第一个字母要大写， Australia, Wuhan, Zhejiang, Wenzhou

5、月份、星期几、节假日每个单词的第一个字母都要大写. March, Tuesday, National Day, Labour Day

6、语言名称要大写. Chinese, Japanese

7、文章标题的每个实词的第一个字母应大写,但不包括of, in, and这样的介词、连词， My Mother School in Cangnan.

8、特殊简称如FBI（Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调查局）WTO（World Trade Organization世界贸易组织）等字母都大写.

（2）普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如：radio（广播），watch（手表）；集体名词，如：class（班级），people（人民）；物质名词，如：milk（牛奶）water（水）；抽象名词，如：work（工作），health（健康）。

普通名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：a apple一个苹果 two bananas两只香蕉

不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如：milk牛奶，ice冰，water水，rice大米，juice橘汁 提示：有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但中文意思就不同了。如：fish（可数→鱼类；不可数→鱼肉），chicken（可数→小鸡；不可数→鸡肉），people（可数→民族，不可数→人）

3、可数名词变复数 分类 变法 例词 一般情况 以s/sh/x/ch 结尾的词 加-s 加-es girl-girls book -books bus-buses watch-watches family-families strawberry-strawberries half-halves wife-wives knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives 以“辅音字母+ y结尾的词 变y 为 i再加es 以 f或 fe结尾的词 变f 或fe 为 v再加es --

- 以o结尾的词 加es 或s life-lives thief-thieves loaf-loaves photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes 但是有些名词变复数形式是不规则的，必须死记，如： man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，goose-geese，mouse-mice，child-children，sheep-sheep，deer-deer，fish-fish 名词（国家） 形容词 名词（国家的人，单数） 名词（国家的人，复数） 中国 中国的，中国人的 中国人（单） 中国人（复） China Chinese Chinese Chinese 美国 美国的，美国人的 美国人（单） 美国人（复） America American American Americans 日本 日本的，日本人的 日本人（单） 日本人（复） Japan Japanese Japanese Japanese 英国 英国的，英国人的 英国人（单） 英国人（复） England English Englishman Englishmen 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的，俄罗斯人的 俄罗斯人（单） 俄罗斯人（复） Russia Russian Russian Russians 法国 法国的，法国人的 法国人（单） 法国人（复） France French Frenchman Frenchmen 德国 德国的，德国人的 德国人（单） 德国人（复） Germany German German Germans 印度 印度的，印度人的 印度人（单） 印度人（复） India Indian Indian Indians 澳大利亚 澳大利亚的，澳大利亚人的 澳大利亚人（单） 澳大利亚人（单） Australia Australian Australian Australians 加拿大 加拿大的，加拿大人的 加拿大人（单） 加拿大人（复） Canada Canadian Canadian Canadians 4、如何表示不可数名词的数量？

不可数名词没有单、复数的区别，是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词（简称量词，如一杯水的“杯”，一袋米的“袋”，一瓶牛奶的“瓶”等）来修饰的，这时我们可以用“a/数词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词”的形式。如： a glass of water 一杯水 two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶 five bags of rice 五袋大米

提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但可数名词必须用复数形式。 “a/数词 + 量词 + of + 可数名词”的格式也对，如：a basket of apples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿 5、什么是名词所有格？

名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为“……的”，一般在名词后加是’s。如Grandma’s house 奶奶的房子 my teacher’s car 我老师的车

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（1）如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其所有格有以下几种形式： 分类 构成方式 举例 普通单数名词 在名词末尾加 ’s Nancy’s mother the boy’s table today’s newspaper 以s或es结尾的复数名词 在名词末尾加 ’ the teachers’ books five minutes’ walk ten hours’ drive 特殊复数名词（不以s或 es在名词末尾加 ’s Children’s Day 结尾） Women’s Day 表示两者或多者共同拥有在最后一个名词的末尾Jim and Kate’s mother（吉姆和凯的 加 ’s 特的妈妈） 表示两者或多者各自拥有在每个名词的词尾都加 ’s Jim’s and Kate’s mothers（吉姆的的 妈妈和凯特的妈妈） （2）如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与of组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者，格式为“A of B”翻译为“B的A”。当然，of也可以表示有生命的所属关系。 It ‘s a map of China这是一张中国地图。意思就是这是一张中国的地图。 the window of the room 房间的窗户 the title of the passage 那篇文章的标题 A story of the hero 那个英雄的故事。

二、动词

动词的定义和分类

动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时，要受到主语的，与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。 1、实义动词

（1）实义动词的分类

实义动词也叫行为动词，即表示动作的动词，能作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词不能单独使用，后面必须跟宾语，并且是直接跟宾语；不及物动词可以单独使用，可以后面什么都不跟，也可以跟副词来修饰它，如果要跟宾语，就必须加介词。 正：We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。 误：He is looking me.

正：He is looking at me. 他正在看着我。 误：He is listening the teacher carefully.

正：He is listening carefully. 他正在认真听。

正：He is listening to the teacher carefully. 他正在认真听老师讲课。 提示：英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如 begin, vt.: Let’s begin the class！

vi.: She begins to cry when she heard the news.

leave, vt.: Please leave some bread for me, thank you!

vi.: He will leave for Zhejiang tomorrow.

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ask, vt.: Mr. Smith, can I ask you a question?

vi.: Miss. William is asking for you now. （2）实义动词的基本形式

有动词原形（do）、第三人称单数形式（does）、过去式（did）、现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）五种形式。 2、系动词

（1）系动词的定义

.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语。 （2）系动词的功能

系动词的主要功能是把表语（名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句）和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。 （3）常见系动词 1）状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

My uncle is a policeman. 我叔叔是一名。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 3）表像系动词

用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, sound例如： He looked angry/sad/happy. 他看起来很生气/难过/高兴。 4）感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 It sounds good. 听起来不错。 The apples taste very good. 5）变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。

He became mad after the accident happened. 自那之后，他疯了。

She becomes rich when she got her own company. 她自己开公司以后就变得富裕起来。 It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring. 6）终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达\"证实\"，\"变成\"之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） 3、助动词

（1）助动词的定义

助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不可单独使用。

最常用的助动词有：do, will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better

4、情态动词

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（1）情态动词的定义及功能

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。

主要的情态动词有：can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) ①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might)……

②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：如：need，will，dare ③具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to，ought to

She can swim fast, but I can’t. You must stay here until I come back. （2）常见情态动词的用法

can表示能力，意为“会，能”。表示客观可能性或推测时，用于否定句和疑问句； She can sing English songs. 她能唱英语歌。 The dog can’t swim.

Can /May(可以) I borrow your bike?

may表示许可，用于陈述句；表示正式的请求或许可，用于一般疑问句。回答may 提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes, please./Yes,certainly./Yes,you may. 否定形式为：No, you can’t./No, you mustn’t.

You may go out to play basketball now. ----May I smoke here?

----Yes,you may./No you mustn’t.

must指客观可能性或猜测时，意为“一定”；表示“应当，必须”时，其否定形式为mustn’t 意为“不能，不可以，不允许”。回答由must构成的一般疑问句，肯定形式为： Yes ，主语+must ；否定形式为：No，主语 +needn’t/don’t have to。

It must (表肯定)be Nancy’s book.Her name is on the cover. You mustn’t (千万别) play football in the street. ------Must I hand in my homework tomorrow?

------Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t/don’t have to. Need意为需要的意思 一、作情态动词

1．need作情态动词无人称或数的变化， 后接动词原形，多用于否定句和疑问句中。如：You needn't worry.你不必担心。

2．由need引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答常用must或have to;否定答语常用needn’t. 如： —Need I answer the question? 我需要回答那个问题吗？

—Yes, you must./Yes, you have to.是的，你必须回答。/是的，你得回答 —No, you needn't.不，不必了。

3．由must引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must,否定答语用needn't或don't have to。如： —Must I do the work now? 我必须现在干这个活吗？ —Yes, you must /have to.是的，你必须做。

—No, you needn’t /don’t have to. 不，你现在不必做。 二、作行为动词

need 作为行为动词有人称和数的变化， 后面可接名词、代词、动名词及带to 的动词不定式；可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句中，如： She needs help.她需要帮助。

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I don’t need to see the doctor.我不需要看病。

—Do you need to go at once? 你需要马上走吗？ —Yes, I do.是的，我得马上去。 —No, I don’t.不，不用马上走。

ought to意为“应该”，是情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词不定式。 一、ought to具体用法如下：

1. (表示义务、责任等) 应当, 应该 You ought to work harder than that. 2. (表示劝告、建议等) 应该, 该

You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor. 3. (表示猜测、期望) 总应该，理应

It ought to be a fine day tomorrow morning.

4. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做 You ought to have told me that (but you didn’t). 这时ought to和should可以互换使用。

【考例】 Tom ought not to ________ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told

【点拨】 答案为A。ought not to have done表示“本不应该做某事”。句意：汤姆本不应该告诉我你的秘密，但他不是刻意要伤害你。 二、ought to的否定式和疑问式

1. ought to的否定形式是ought后直接加not构成，其否定形式可缩写为oughtn’t。 One ought not (oughtn’t) to cross the street against the red light. 2. ought to的疑问式是将ought提到句首构成。 —Ought we to do it at once? —Yes, you ought to. 在反意疑问句里，下面两种形式都可以： He ought to be here now, shouldn’t (oughtn't) he? dare 1） dare用作实义动词，此时其后的动词不定式可带to也可不带to，且dare有人称和数以及时态的变化。例如：

I dare to jump down from the top of the wall. 我敢从那墙头上跳下来。 She doesn’t dare (to) meet her teacher\\'s eyes. 她不敢与老师对视。

2） dare用作情态动词，后跟动词原形，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。例如： How dare she do things like that to me? 她怎么敢对我做那种事? -Dare you catch the mouse? 你敢去抓那只老鼠吗？ -I daren’t do that. 我不敢抓。

If you dare say that to our teacher, I would vote for you. 如果你敢向我们的老师说那件事，我就投你一票。 Shall表：“应该”

将来时，用于第一人称： I shall be back in a minute. 用来表示征求意见： Shall I go with you?

用在第二、三人称，表示命令，警告，允诺等。He shall answer for it! should表：“应该”

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You should be responsible for yourself.

表猜测It should be true. 大概有70-80%的把握。 should have done本应做某事，语气中有责备。

You should have come here earlier.你本来应该早点到的。 will/would都表示将要做某事 will/would + do sth. 注意：

（1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me? （2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。

Would you like some cake?

（3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won’t you是一种委婉语气。 Won't you sit down?

三、形容词

1.什么是形容词？

形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类词。Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4? 2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？

（1）形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。 She is a good girl. I am tall and thin. There is something important to tell her.

提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid害怕 ，alone 独自的，asleep睡着的，awake醒着的，alive活着的，well健康的，ill病的

2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数。 The Chinese have long history. We should help the old

(1) 多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后. She bought herself a new silk skirt. I have long straight golden hair. 提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其顺序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词）+描绘词（大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色）+出处+材料性质+类别+名词 3.什么是形容词的比较级？

绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高级。 Liu Hai is as tall as me. (tall是原级)

It is warmer today than it was yesterday. (warmer是比较级) She is the best student in her class. (best是最高级)

4.形容词比较等级的构成规则是什么？（见八年级上语法附录） 5.形容词比较等级的几种用法

（1）形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构： 肯定结构：as +形容词的原级 + as ，意为“和……一样”。

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She is as careful as her mother.

否定结构：not as /so +形容词的原级+as ，意为“不如……”。 This dish is not as nice as that one.

（2）形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构： 1、“比较级+than” ，表示“……比……”。 This film is more interesting than that one.

2、“比较级and比较级”，表示“越来越……”。 My sister is getting taller and taller.

3、“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”，表示“越……越……”。 The more, the better.

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.

4、“the + 比较级 + of the two”，表示“两者中较……的一个”。 Tom is the cleverer of the twins.

提示：比较级前可以加表示程度的副词 much ,even, a little等来修饰。 He is much stronger than Mike. I’m a little taller than him.

He did very well, but she did even better than him. （3）形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，“the + 最高级 + 名词+of/in”结构，意为“……中最……的”。

He is the busiest boy in our class.

Yao Ming is one of the most famous basketball players in NBA.

提示：形容词的最高级前要加 the，但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加 the。 如：Today is my happiest day. 这是我最开心的一天。

He is my best friend. 他是我最好的朋友。

This is the best student in our class. 这是我们班最好的学生。 注意：常见形容词的反义词

bad---good better---worst best----worst big---small beautiful---ugly black---white

busy—free cheap---expensive clean—dirty clever---foolish cloudy----sunny cool—warm cold---hot dangerous---safe dark---bright dry---wet early---late easy—hard/difficult east---west south---north far---near sunny---rainy first---last happy---unhappy/sad hard---soft ill---fine/well sick---healthy light---heavy more---less most---least old---new old—young poor—rich quiet---noisy same—different short---long short---tall slow---quick small---big/large/huge strong---weak thin---fat thin---thick

形容词和副词比较级和最高级的变形（重点！）

1、一般单音节词末尾加er和est，如： 强壮的：strong stronger strongest 伟大的：great greater greatest 年轻的：young younger youngest 很少的：few fewer fewest

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难的： hard harder hardest 很快的：fast faster fastest

2、单音节词如果以e结尾，只加r和est，如： 陌生的：strange stranger strangest 友好的：nice nicer nicest 宽的： wide wider widest 晚的： late later latest

3、闭音节单音节词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再加er和est，如： 大的：big bigger biggest 红的：red redder reddest 胖的：fat fatter fattest 瘦的：thin thinner thinnest 苗条的：slim slimmer slimmest 湿的：wet wetter wettest 热的：hot hotter hottest 难过的：sad sadder saddest

4、少数以y，er，ure，ow，ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加er和est。(注意：以y结尾的词，如y前是辅音字母，把y变成i，再加er和est)

生气的：angry angrier angriest 早的： early earlier earliest 滑稽的：funny funnier funnest 聪明的：clever cleverer cleverest 狭窄的：narrow narrower narrowest 高贵的：noble nobler noblest

5、其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most。 不同的：different more different most different 有趣的：interesting more interesting most interesting 昂贵的：experience more experience most experience 漂亮的：beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 重要的：important more important most important 流行的：popular more popular most popular 6、特殊单词的比较级和最高级（死记！） 好的：good/ well better坏的：bad worse生病的：ill

worse

more

很多的：many/much

best worst worst most least

很少的：little/few less

远的： far farther/ furtherfarthest/ furthest

四、副词

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1.什么是副词？

副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的词，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

We should listen to our teachers carefully. In spring, I can see flowers everywhere. 2.副词的种类有哪些？

（1）方式副词，如quickly, neatly, happily

（2）地点、方位副词，如here, away, outside, west

（3）时间副词，如yesterday, already, just, now, before, later, often, sometimes （4）强调副词，very, too, even, only, 4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序

（1）时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后。 He comes from New York, America. （2）方式副词，短在前，长在后。 Please write slowly and carefully. （3）方式+地点+时间

The old woman runs very slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning. 4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。 5.常见副词的区别：

(1)very, much, very much

Very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；very much用于修饰动词。

John is very good.

This garden is much bigger than that one. I love music very much (2)so, such

so修饰形容词或副词；such修饰名词。 My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. He is such a boy.

so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词，其结构是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”；such可修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其结构是“such+（a/an）+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词”。 He is so clever a boy. = He is such a clever boy. It is such cold weather.

They are such good students. 提示：如果可数名词复数前有many, few或不可数名词前有much，little修饰，用so不用such。 (3)also, too, as well, either

also, too, as well,用于肯定句，also常用于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前，too, as well用于句末；either用于否定句末。 My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.

= My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well. = My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher, too. I can’t speak French. Jenny can’t speak French, either. (4)sometime, sometimes, some time, some times

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sometime意为“某一时间”，可指将来，过去；sometimes意为“有时”；some time指“一段时间”；some times指“几次，几倍”。

We’ll have a test sometime next month.

Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not. He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. I have been to Beijing some times.

五、数词

1.什么是数词？

表示数目“多少”和顺序“第几”的词叫数词。分为基数词和序数词。参看课本，记牢 读音和拼写。

2. 基数词的用法

(1)表示“哪一年”，每两位数一读。

1998年，读作 nineteen ninety-eight 2009年 读作 two thousand and nine (2)表示“几点” at five o’clock (3)表示编号 No.101 bus

(4)表示加减乘除 One and two is three. (5)表示小数 5.3 读作 five point three (6)表示百分数 40% 读作 forty percent 3.什么情况下用序数词？

（1）表示日期 3月8号 写作：March 8th/March eighth 读作：March the eighth （2）表示分数 1/6 one sixth 3/5 three fifths 例题引路 单项选择

1. About _______of the books in our school library are written in Chinese. A. fourth-fifth B. four-fifth C. four-fifths D. fourths-fifth 2. The road is over _______meters long.

A. six hundred and fifty-two B. six hundreds and fifty two C. six hundred , fifty-two D. six hundred , fifty and two

3. January _______is New Year’s Day.

A. first B. two C. the first D. the second

There were _______people in the meeting room yesterday.

A. two hundreds B. two hundred of C. hundreds of D. hundred of 衔接训练

一根据句意，填入合适的数词。

1. Su Hai is ______(12)years old. She is in Class _______(5)Grade______(6). 2. September is the _______(9)month in a year.

3. Which girl is thinner, the ________(2)one or the _____(3) one? 4. One _______years is a century(世纪)。 5. There are ________minutes in an hour. 二、单项选择

1. ----How many students are there in your school?

----_______ the students in our school______over two thousand. A. The number of; is B. The number of; are

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C. A number of; is D. A number of; are 2. The new student is in __________.

A. Class 2 B. Class Second C. 2 Class D. class 2 3. --- How many teachers are there in your school? --- ________, but I’ m not sure.

A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundred of D. One hundred

4. --- Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago. --- I’m sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a _______holiday soon. A. four-days B. four-day C. fourth day D. four day 5. This story happened on __________.

A. 2009, Oct.21st B. Oct. 21st, 2009 C. 2009, 21 October D. 21st of October, 2009

六、代词

1.什么是代词？如何分类？

代词是用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。按其指代作用不同可分为人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词八类。

2. 人称代词

（1）人称代词的概念

人称代词是为了避免重复，用来代替前面提到的人或事物的名称的一类代词。 Jim and Liu Tao, Miss Li is waiting for you! Pick up your books and put them away. (2) 人称代词的人称、数和格

人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。表格见七年级附录 提示：说话的人为第一人称，听话的人为第二人称，被谈到的人或事物为第三人称。 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he she it him her it they them （3）人称代词的基本用法

人称代词主格在句中作主语，是动作的执行者。 She likes playing volleyball very much.

人称代词宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语，是动作的承受者。 Mr. Brown teaches us English. You must look after them. 提示：两个以上人称代词并用时，通常you 放在第一位，I放在最后；复数we--

- 放在第一位，they放在最后，简单记成：单数2.3.1(You, he and I…)；复数1.2.3(We, you and they…)。都是第三人称，女后男在先。You, Tom and I are leaving next month. 3.物主代词

(1)物主代词的概念

物主代词是表示所有关系的一类代词。 This isn’t my Walkman(随身听). It’s hers.

(2)物主代词分类：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 人称 单数 复数 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 第一人称 my mine our ours 第二人称 your yours your yours his his 第三人称 their theirs her hers its its （3）物主代词的基本用法

形容词性物主代词和形容词有相似之处，用来修饰名词，不可以单独使用。These are their books. Her name is Cheng Jie.

名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，后面不必再加名词。 This is my pen .That is your pen/yours. 4. 疑问代词

(1)疑问代词基本用法

疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，常被用来构成疑问句，置于句首。 Whose book is this? What are you reading now?

(2)常见的疑问代词有：what, which, who, whom, whose等。指人的是who, whom, whose；指物的是：what；既可指人又可指物的是which。

Which do you like better, tea or milk?（茶或牛奶，你更喜欢哪一个？） What’s your brother?（你哥哥是做什么的？表示职业）

Whose books are these on the desk?（桌上的这些书是谁的？） 5. 指示代词

This（这个）, these（这些）指较近的事物；that（那个）, those（那些）指较远的事物。 6. 反身代词 （1）反身代词的构成：myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves herself, himself, itself, themselves, oneself

（2）反身代词的用法

反身代词可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。 We enjoyed ourselves very much. I bought a new coat for myself. He himself did it. 7.不定代词

（1）常见的不定代词有：all（全部，可指人，也可指物）, each（每个，可指人，也可指物）, both（都，只限于两者）, either（两者间的任意一个）, neither（两个都不）, little（很少，几乎没有，表否定，修饰不可数）, few（很少，几乎没有，表否定，修饰可数）, many（许多，

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修饰可数）, much（许多，修饰不可数）, other（其他的，修饰可数不可数都行）, another（另一个）, some（一些，修饰可数不可数都行）, any（一些，用于否定句和疑问句）, somebody（某人）, anybody（任何人，用于否定句和疑问句）, nobody（没人）, everybody（每个人）, someone（某人）, anyone（任何人）, no one（没人）, everyone（每个人）, something（某事或某物）, anything（任何事，用于否定句和疑问句）, everything（每件事或每个东西）, none（没有）.

(2) 常见的不定代词区别 both, either, neither

both表示“两者都”，either 表示“两者中的任何一个”，neither 表示“两者都不”。 Both of us are right. Either of you two is OK. Neither of us is right. 提示：

1. both + 名词复数= either + 名词单数

There are many trees on both sides of the street.= There are many trees on either side of the street 2. both…and… 作主语时谓语动词用复数，either…or… 和 neither…nor…作主语时谓语动词的单复数与邻近的主语保持一致。 Both Tom and Jenny are from America.

Either Tom or I am right. = Either I or Tom is right.

Neither Tom nor I am right. = Neither I nor Tom is right. few, a few, 与little, a little

few和a few 修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词都用复数，little 和a little 修饰不可数名词，谓语动词都用单数。a few , a little是肯定的含义，意为“一些”；few, little是否定的含义，意为“几乎没有”。

A few students go to the park. Few students go to the park. He has a little hair. He has little hair. each 和every

each 和every都意为“每一个”，后面的谓语动词都要用单数。但each比every更强调个体。Each具有形容词和代词两个词性，可以作句子主语；every只能作形容词，不作主语。 Each man has his life. Every singer has his successful song. other, another, the other, others与the others

other表示“其他的，另外的”，后面跟名词或代词；“another+单数名词”意为“又一个，另外一个”，泛指。无限定范围；the other表示“另外一个”，指两者中的另外一个；others表示“其他人”，泛指复数含义，无限定范围，后面不能跟名词；the others表示“其他人”，特指的复数，指在一定范围内去除一部分后剩下的另一部分。 I have two flowers. One is red, the other one is white. Tom is taller than the others in his class. Would you like another cup of tea?

There are many people in the park, some are talking, some are flying kites and others are reading. 例题引导

一、用other, the other, others,与the others 填空

1. He has two daughters. One is a nurse, ________is a worker.

2. Some people like walking. Some like running. ________like swimming. 3. Two boys will go to the zoo, and _______will stay at home. 4. Do you have any _______questions? 二、单项选择

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1. --- ________school is much larger than ________. --- Really?

A. Our; your B. Our; yours C. Ours; yours D. We; you 2. ________are all in Class 6.

A.You, I and he B. He, you and I C. I, you and he D. You, he and I 3. The buildings in Dalian are similar（相似的） to ______in Tokyo. A. ones B. those C. these D. that 衔接训练 一、单项选择

1，The weather in Guangzhou is better than ____in Shenyang. A. that B. it C. this D. one 2. _______have a racing bicycle.

A. Each B. Each of us C. Every of us D. We each 3. My bike is broken. May I borrow_________? A. you B. yourself C. yours D. your

4. I bought _______exercise books with _______money.

A. a few; a few B. a few; a little C. a little ; a few .D. a little; a little 5. ---_____is he? He is a bus driver.

A. Who B. Which C. That D. What 6. --- ________hat is this ? ----It’s________.

A. Whose; me B. Who; mine C. Whom; his D. Whose; mine 7. He has ________to tell us.

A. something important B. important something C. anything useful D. useful nothing 8. _____of the teachers are OK in our school. A. Every B. Each C. Either D. All

9. Of the three foreigners, one is from London, and _____are from the USA. A. two others B. the other two C. another two D. the both 10. ---Which would you like, sir, tea or coffee? ---I don’t mind. ______is OK.

A. Either B. Neither C. Any D. Both

11. ________of us has read the newspaper, so we know nothing about it. A. Some B. Both C. None D. All

12. He is not a warm-hearted man, so _____people can get on well with hm. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

七、冠词

1. 什么是冠词？

冠词是一种虚词，它置于名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。本身没有意义，不可单独使用，只能和名词连用。英语中的冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种。 2. 不定冠词的含义和主要用法

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不定冠词a/an通常泛指同类事物中的某一个（位、块、片……）。其中，a用在辅音音素开头的单词前，如a book; an用在元音音素开头的单词前，如an orange. 不定冠词主要有以下四种用法：

(1)指人或事物的某一种类。

It’s a basketball. A horse is a useful animal. This is an interesting movie. (2)表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有强烈。 She has a small nose and long hair.

(3)指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。

His grandfather is an old man. There is an eraser on the desk. (4)用于一些固定短语中，如：a few, a little, a lot of 等。 重点：a和an的区别！ 1、在以元音（见国际音标表的20个元音音标）开始发音的单词前用an，如an apple, an example, an idea, an orange, an umbrella等；

2、在以辅音开始发音的单词前用a，如a man，a bike, a dog；

3、但是必须注意，一般情况下以元音字母a, e, i, o, u开头的单词是以元音开始发音，如上面的apple, example, idea, orange, umbrella等，但是，不是所有的以元音字母起头的单词都以元音为起始发音，如university，虽然以u开头，但起始音不是元音，而是/juːnɪ'vɜːsɪtɪ/，故要用a university。

4、但是部分不以元音开头的单词，如hour，开头却是以元音发音/'aʊə/，则要用an hour。 3. 定冠词的含义和主要用法

定冠词the通常对所修饰的名词有指定作用，表示“这（那）个”，“这（那）些”。 定冠词主要有以下用法：

（1） 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物 The girl in an orange dress is my sister. （2） 指谈话双方都知道的人或物 Please look at the blackboard. （3） 指上文提过得人或物

I went to the People’s Park yesterday. The park is beautiful. （4） 指世界上独一无二的事物 The sun is bigger than the earth.

（5） 用在序数词和形容词最高级前 Gao Shan lives on the fifth floor.

（6） 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Great Wall, the Palace Museum

（7） 用在江、河、湖、海等专有名词前

the Changjiang River或the Yangtze River（长江）, the Yellow River （8） 用在姓氏的复数形式前指一家 The Browns are very friendly.

（9） 用在乐器名称前 Can Tom play the violin?

（10）用在一些习惯用语中 in the morning,/afternoon/evening, in the end

4. 什么叫零冠词？什么情况下不用冠词？有些情况下，名词前面可以不用冠词。 （1） 专有名词前

He went to Nanjing three days ago. （2） 月份、周日、节日、季节前

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He was born on July1st, 1990. （3） 三餐名词前

Liu Tao has lunch at school. （4） 球类运动名称前

Mr. Brown plays tennis very well.

（5） 职位、头衔和称呼语等名词前 Mum! Where are my shoes?

（6） 复数名词表示一类人或事物时 I like potatoes.

（7） 语言、学科等名称前 We have Math four times a week.

（8） 两个词义相同或相近的名词连用时 He works hard day and night.

（9） 名词前已经有作定语的指示代词、物主代词和不定代词时 This book is interesting. （10）泛指人类时

Man can’t live without air.

（11）用在固定词组中go to school, by train, by bus, in hospital（住院）, at night. 例题引路 单项选择

1. He give my sister _______useful book yesterday. A. an B. a C. / D. the

2. My brother is_______honest boy, so he has many friends. A. a B. an C. the D./

3. More college graduates wanted to work in _____west part of country____next year. A the; the B. / ; / C. / ; the D. the ; /

4. Jim always answers the teacher’s questions_____.

A. in class B. in the class C. after class D. at class 衔接训练 一、单项选择

1. -- What color is ________orange? -- It’s _______orange.

A. an; an B. an; the C. an; / D. / ; an

2. Look! The children are having ______good time. A. / B. the C. an D. a

3. London is _______capital of ____England. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; /

4. There’re ____few mistakes in your homework. Don’t make____same mistakes again. A. a; a B. a; the C. the; the D. / ; the . 5. Yesterday I went to _____work on _____foot. A. the; / B. /; the C. /; / D. the; the

6. There is ____“h” in the word “hour”, but ___“h” doesn’t make a sound. A. a; a B. a; the C. the; an D. an; the 7. He often says _____rich should help _____ poor.

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A. the; a B. a; the C. the; the D. / ; / 8. There was ______“s” on _______blackboard. A. a; a B. a; the C. an; a D. an; the

9. There’s _____egg on the plate. ______egg is for you. A. a; A B. an; An C. an; The D. the; An

10. Did you enter for ______high jump or _____400-meter race? A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the

11. _______old man in black is waiting for you for half ______hour. A. The; an B. The; a C. An; a D. An; / 12._______elephant is _______huge animal.

A. An; an B. An; a C. The; a D. A; an

八、介词

1.什么是介词？

介词是一种用来表示词与词或词与句之间的关系的一种虚词。不能单独做句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类或从句作它的宾语。 It’s about nine o’clock now. Helen is like her mom. 2.介词的用法

（1）表示时间的介词 at at noon, at night,

on on Sunday, on Monday morning, on March 8th

in in next week, in November, in 2008, in summer, in the afternoon before Wei Hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning. after after that, no one played with him.

by By the time I arrived, she had already gone.

for The workers often work for twenty-four hours without rest. during Did you have a good time during the holiday? through Through his life, he kept on learning new things.

from The workers were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening. since He has taught here since 1992 （2） 表示地点或方位的介词

at at school , at home, at 330 Heping Road, at the station in She will arrive in Shanghai at ten. on on the table

above above the head

over There is a bridge over the river. under under the tree

below The Dead Sea is below sea level.

near =not far My home is near the school. = My home is not far from the school. by He walks by the side of the sea every day. between Sue sits between Judy and Nancy. among There are some Americans among us. around They sat around the table.

in frint of There is a car in front of the house.

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behind He put his bike behind the tree.

to Jack got to school at 8:00a.m yesterday. from How far is it from London to New York? （3） 表示手段和材料的介词 with a. She lives with her son.

b. The girl with long hair is my classmate.

c. My American friend is learning to eat with chopsticks. in What’s this in English?

The woman in a red coat is Lucy’s mom. by What do you mean by the word “island’? I like traveling by train. （4） 动向介词 into; out of

He jumped into the swimming pool.

We looked out of the window and saw many flowers. up; down

The little monkey climbed up the tree quickly.

Walk down the street and you will see a bookshop on the right. across; through; along

Be careful when you walk across the bridge. We walked through the woods. He is walking along the river. （5） 其他介词

of It was the beginning of the term..

like Like many children of her age, Ding Ding is a Young Pioneer. as She works as a waitress in a restaurant.

against He is sitting against the tree. Are you against me?

about He likes reading books about history. What about your family? for Do you know what he comes here for? 衔接训练 单项选择

1. Children get gifts ____Christmas and _____their birthdays. A. on; on B. at; on C. in ; in D. in ; on

2. Mike does his exercises_______seven ____the evening. A. on; to B. by; of C. at; in D. at; on

3. _____a cold winter morning, I met her in the street. A. In B. On C. At D. For

4. He often goes _____school _____six thirty ____the morning. A. for; to; in B. for; at ; to C. to; for; at D. to; at ; in 5. The doctor worked ______five hours _____a rest.

A. for; with B. on ; without C. about ; having D. for ; without 6. The teacher is coming back ________an hour. A. after B. for C. in D. before

7. I don’t like to sit _____Tom’s right. I would like to sit ____the back row.

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A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on

8. The apple is ______the tree and the cat is ____the tree, too. A. on; in B. on; on C. in; on D. in; in

9. Lucy sits _____the third row, _____Jim’s left. A. on; on B. in; at C. at; in D. in; on

10. They are waiting _______a bus ________the bus stop. A. for; in B. on; at C. for; at D. with; at

九、 连词

一、概说

连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 二、并列连词的用法

◆ 1. 表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet ，however等。如：

I like apples, but my sister likes oranges. = I like apples, however, my sister likes oranges.

He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。◆ 2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如：

The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。

You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。

注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。

◆ 3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or, neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如：

He didn’t go and she didn’t go， either. 他没去，她也没去。

The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。

People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。

三、从属连词的用法

◆ 1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词

(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如： Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。

Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。

(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如： Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。

After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 (3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如： She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。

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He didn’t leave until the rain stopped.

Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 (4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, 如：

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一收她的信就通知你。 例题引路 单项选择

1. They are all new,_______I’m not. A. and B. but C. so D . or

2. Which is bigger, the sun _____the moon? A. so B. or C.and D.but

3. Do you have any brothers ____sisters/ A. so B. or C. for D. but

4. Do more exercise________you are not good at P.E. A. so B. but C. or D. because

5. You have three books; I have five books. ___I have two more books than you. A. And B. But C.So D. If 6. --- What do you want to buy? --- A book _______two pens. A. but B. or C. and D. so 7. Miss Li is taller ____her sister. A. than B. but C. if D. as

8. My brother goes to work on Sundays____I don’t. A. because B. but C. and D. so

9. _______I finish my homework, I will watch TV. A. After B. Before C. When D. As

10. She knew nothing about ______she went there. A. or B. before C. because D. as 11. I’d like some bread ______butter. A. but B. and C. nor D. or

12. Just let me know ________you need any help. A. because B. before C. if D. and

13. Gao Shan was sad _______couldn’t find his toys. A. so B. and C. but D. because

10、感叹词

感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分，却在意义上与它有关连，后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。常见的有：

Hi（嗨，表示打招呼）ha（哈，惊奇、疑惑、鄙视）aha（啊哈！得意、惊奇、嘲弄、满意） hey（嘿，打招呼）why（为什么？吃惊、）oh my god!（哦，我的天哪）wow（哇）

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