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初中英语中考百题精讲

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初中英语冀教版中考复习(4) 之 词汇

名词

1. 名词的种类

名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类.可数名词有单复数形式的变化,而不可数名词没有单复数变化.

(1)可数名词

复数形式主要变化规则

(a)一般在词尾后加-s,如:dog—dogs.

(b)以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的加-es,如:watch--watches。

(c)以‘‘辅音字母+y’’结尾的,变y为i加-es, 如:country--countries。

区别:元音字母+y结尾的,则直接加-s, 如:monkey--monkeys。

(d)以-f(e)结尾的,变f(e)为v,再加-es, 如:knife--knives。

(e).不规则变化的:(1).变元音字母的tooth--teeth,foot—feet,goose-geese ,man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,( 区别:German—Germans )(2).单复数形式相同的:sheep—sheep,fish--fish ,deer--deer ,Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese

(3).child—children (4).mouse-- mice

(f).集合名词只有复数形式:people,clothes,trousers, glasses 等.

(g).有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数.如:news,maths,physics等. No news is good news.

(h)可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数.

(2)不可数名词

1.不可数名词如果要表示量的概念,可以用以下两种方法:

(1)用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等表示多少.

(2)用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如:两片面包 two pieces of bread

区别:可数名词也可用量来表示. 如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples

(3 )名词所有格

表示人和物的所有关系.其形式一般表示为sb’s.

(1)有生命的名词所有格,其单数形式是在该词后加-’s ,其复数形式是加-‘.

(2)无生命的名词所有格则用of结构来表示.

(3)表示时间,距离,长度,重量,价格,世界,国家等名词的所有格要用’s,复数形式用’.如:ten minutes’ walk

(4)双重所有格.如:a teacher of my sister’s

冠词

1.不定冠词的用法

不定冠词有a和an两种形式,用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指,说明其名称和种类.注意:单词hour,honest等词以及以f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x等辅音字母开头,但发音是以元音音素开头的,当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用an;相反单词one,useful,university,European等词的发音却以辅音音素开头,当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用a.

This is __ interesting book and it is also__ useful one.

A. a;a B.an;an C.an;a D.a;an

2.定冠词的用法

定冠词the和名词连用,特指某人或某物,或指谈话双方都知道的人或物,还指世界上独一无二的事物,以及用于乐器名称,序数词和形容词,副词最高级前.

3.不用冠词的几种情况

国名,人名和一些专有名词前;月份,星期等表示时间的名词前;三餐,球类运动和娱乐运动的名词前通常不用冠词.

--Will you get there by __ bus ?

--No, I’ll take __ taxi.

A.a;the B.the;a C./;a D./;/

4.固定搭配中的冠词的用法

要准确记忆固定词组.如:a few , have a rest 等.

在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,注意区别:

in front of 在…前面 in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in the hospital 在医院里围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院

三、数词

1. 基数词的构成1-20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,1000,1000000.

注意:英语中没有“万”,如:一万 ten thousand

2.确定数目与不确定数目 基数词表示具体数目时,hunderd,thousand,million等词用单数形式。在表示“数百”,“数千”,“数百万”等不确定数目时,要用“hundreds/thousands/millions of ”表达,等基数词前面不可用具体数字修饰,但可加many或several等词。

3.合成形容词的构成

1)“基数词+连字符+单数名词”可构成合成形容词,该类词常作定语。如:two-month holiday

2)“基数词+度量单位(复数)+形容词(old/long/wide/deep/high/…)”常作表语.

4.序数词的构成和用法

1)多数由“基数词+th”构成,少数构成不规则,需要特别记忆.

2)the +序数词,在句中作定语放在被修饰的名词前.

3)a/an+序数词,表示“再一;又一”.如:Try a second time.

4)给事物编号时,数字在名词前用序数词,数字在名词后用基数词.如:The fifth unit/ Unit Five

5.分数与倍数

1)分数表示法 基数词/序数词.分子过一,分母用复数形式.如:one fourth; three fifths

2)倍数表示法 通常借助half,double,twice,three times 等词来表示.

代词

人称代词 1.人称代词由主格和宾格组成.主格作主语,宾格作动词和介词的宾语.

2.注意 “动词+(宾格)+副词”

3. 人称代词的排列顺序:单数为you,he/she,I.复数为we,you,they.

不定代词 1.some 一些;某些;某个.多用在肯定句中和表邀请或者对方可能给予肯定回答的疑问句中等.

2.any 一些;任何.多用在否定句或疑问句中.用在肯定句中表“任何”.

3.none 无人;无物;无东西.在句中代替不可数名词作定语时,谓语动词用单数形式.代替可数名词谓语动词用复数形式.

4.many,much 许多.many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词.

5.a few,a little, few, little 少量;不多;几个.a few, few 修饰可数名词,a little ,little修饰不可数名词.

形容词 副词

1.形容词修饰等不定代词时,须放在其后.

2.貌似副词的形容词:friendly友好的;lonely孤独的;lively生动的;lovely可爱的.

3.(1)as … as … 和...一样(中间用原级) (2)not as(so) … as 和...不一样(中间用原级)

(3)… than …. ..比...(用比较级)(4)…倍数+比较级+than … ……几倍

(5)…比较级+than+any other+单数名词 …… ……最……(6)比较级+and+比较级 越来越……

(7)The+比较级+…,the+比较级+…. 越……,越…….

4.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略.

5.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级.

6.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词.

如:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.

7.掌握三种同义句转换:

1)He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.

2)This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.

=That film is more interesting than this one.

3)I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.

介词

表时间的1.(1)at表示钟点;夜里;中午及某些词组中.(2)on表示具体的某一天或某一天的某个时候.

(3) in表示在年,月,季,在上午,下午,晚上,白天等.

2.till/until 到……为止 (肯定句,用延续性动词);直到……才……(否定句,瞬间性动词)

3.during 在……期间(强调自始至终)

4.for+时间段;since+时间点

注:在表时间时next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all等前不用介词.

表方位的 1.at / in 在…… (注:in the fields / on the farm) 2.between /among 在……之间

3.in /on /to 位于 (in在某范围内,on相邻接壤,to在某范围外)

4.above /over /on 在……上面 5.by /beside /near 在……附近 6.across / through 穿(通)过

注:介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式 如:Thank you for teaching us so well.

连词

并列连词 1.but等表转折关系(和though不连用).

2.neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…,他们连接主语时,谓语动词和最近的主语一致.

3.so表因果关系 (和because不连用);and表联合关系;or表选择关系.

从属连词 1.引导时间状语从句:when,while,before,after,as soon as,until, since…

2.引导条件状语从句:if

3.引导让步状语从句:although /though (和but不连用)

4.引导结果状语从句:so /such…that…(so+adj /adv ;such+n.) 区别:so that

时态和语态

1. 一般现在时

1) 意义:表现在的特征或状态;表经常性或习惯性的动作. 2)结构:be / do (动词的原形.注:当主

语是第三人称单数时除外)

4) 主要动词:动词的第三人称单数形式 (其构成规则和规则的名词复数变化形式相同)4)常见时间状语:often,sometimes,usually, every day, on Tuesdays…. 5)否定句的谓语由“助动词don’t / doesn’t+动词原形”构成.一般疑问句将do /does提到句首.

2. 一般过去时

1) 去式

意义:表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.2)结构:be (was /were ) / did 3) 主要动词:过

规则动词过去式的构成:一般在词尾加—ed ;以字母-e 结尾的,加-d ;少双;“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变“y” 为“I”再加-ed. 不规则的须特殊记忆. 4)常见时间状语:yesterday,last night ,in 2002,two days ago….

3. 一般将来时

1)意义:表将要发生的动作或存在的状态.2)结构:will (第一人称用shall )/ be going to +动词原形

3) 常见时间状语:tomorrow,next week ….

4.现在进行时

1)意义:现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行的动作.2)结构:助动词be + 现在分词(即:v—ing )

3)主要动词:现在分词 构成:一般在词尾加-ing ; 以不发音的字母-e 结尾的,去-e ,再加-ing ;“少双”

5.现在完成时

1)意义:表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响;或表某一动作过去已开始,并持续到现在,也许还要持续下去.

2)结构:助动词have /has +过去分词 3)主要动词:过去分词 构成:规则动词的过去分词和过去式的构成相同;不规则的须特殊记忆. 4)常见时间状语:already,yet,never,ever….;for +时间段,since +时间点.

6. 过去进行时

1)意义:表过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作. 2)结构:was /were +现在分词(即:v—ing )

7. 过去完成时

1)意义:过去的过去 . 2)结构:助动词had +过去分词

8.过去将来时

1)意义:表从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作. 2)结构:would / was ,were going to + 动词原形

被动语态 1)结构:助动词 be +及物动词的过去分词 2)掌握情态动词,带双宾语,短语动词和某些动词(如:make ,hear ,see….)的被动语态

情态动词

情态动词无人称和数的变化,后接动词原形,否定式是在其后面加not.

1. can 能;会;可能;可以. can’t 可以表否定推测.如:She can’t be in Paris because I saw her here

just now.

2. may 表请求,许可;表推测;

3. must 必须;表肯定推测;注意:Must I/we …? Yes,you must./No, you needn’t .

动词不定式(短语)

1. 结构:(to)+动词原形,否定式:not (to) +动词原形.

2. 作主语或宾语时用形式主语,形式宾语代替.结构:It be + 形容词 ( for / of sb.)+ to do .

主语+谓语 +it +补足语 + to do .如:It’s important for us to learn English well .

Most young people find it exciting to watch a football game .

3. 作某些动词(如:want,refuse,decide,hope…)的宾语.

4. 作宾语补足语.在ask ,tell ,allow ,expect ,teach 等动词后面常用不定式作补足语;但

let ,make ,see ,hear 等动词后常用不带to 的不定式作补足语.(注意:变被动语态时要带to )

如:The boy was often seen to steal things in the shop

5.“疑问词+to do”作宾语. 如:I don’t know what to do .

现在分词 1.作主语 .如:Watching TV too much is bad for your health . 2.作某些动词(如:enjoy ,finish ,keep ,mind ,practice ,

give up等)的宾语.(注意:现在分词在一些短语中作宾语,常见的有:stop /keep /prevent …from doing…

阻止…做…,feel like doing…想要做…,spend…(in)doing…花费…做…,succeed in doing…成功做…,be good at doing…,擅长于做…,be interested in doing…,对做…感兴趣,be busy doing…,忙于做…,have fun / difficult /

trouble / problem (in) doing…,做…感到愉快/做…有困难等. 如:I have trouble understanding the English poems.

3.与不定式的区别 1)stop to do 停下来去做;stop doing 停止做.2)try to do 尽力做;try doing 试着做.3)forget / remember to do 忘记/记得去做;forget / remember doing 忘记/记得做过.4)see/ hear/…sb do 看见/听见某人做 (表动作的全过程);see / hear /…sb doing 看到/听到某人正在做 (表动作正在进行)等

情景交际

1.问候: ⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ? Nice to meet you.

B:回答相同

⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.

2.介绍: ⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.

3.告别 A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.

B:回答相同4.感谢和应答 表示感谢 通常回答

Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.

Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.

5.祝愿、祝贺和应答

⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you.

⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.

⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.

6.道歉和应答 A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter.

It's not important. That's nothing.

7.遗憾和同情 What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.

8.邀请和应答 A:Would you like to … ? B:Yes, I'd love to.

9.提供帮助和应答

A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.

Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.

That's very kind of you.

10.请求允许 ⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.

11.表示同意和不同意

(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.

That's a good idea. I agree with you.

(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.

12.表示肯定和不肯定 1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.

13.喜欢和厌恶 1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...

14. 问时间、日期的应答 A:What day is it?

B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.

A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...

15.请求 (1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have...?

(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.

(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.

16.劝告和建议 1:You'd better... You should... You need to...

2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.

17.禁止和警告 1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...

2:Take care.=Be careful.

18.表示感情 A:喜悦 Great!That's nice.

I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑 What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?

19.约会 A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?

Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?

B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.

20.语言困难 Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.

What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.

21.表示称赞: A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.

22.常见的标志和说明

BUSINESS HOURS营业时间 NO PHOTOS禁止拍照 OFFICE HOURS 办公时间 THIS SIDE UP 这边向上

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