参考文献的格式

Arnaudel, M. L.1984. Approaches to Academic Reading and Writing. Enlewood Cliffs,

NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bhatia, V. K.1993. Analysing Genre. Harlow: Longman.

Munby, J.1979. Language Tests at School. London: Longman.

2.2 参考文献为期刊、杂志中的文章

Charles, M.1996. Business negotiations: interdependence between discourse and

business relationship. English For Specific Purposes. 15/1.

Gosden, H. 1996. Verbal reports of Japanese novices‟ research writing practices in

English. Journal of Second Language Writing 5/2.

Johns, A. 1993. Written argumentation for real audiences. TESOL Quarterly 27: 75-90 Kaplan, R. 1966. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication. Language

Learning 16.

Lynch, B. K. 1990. A context-adaptive model of program evaluation. TEST Quarterly

24/1.

Swan, M. 1991. Language conundrums: some responses to my cry for help. ELT

Journal 45/4.

2.3 参考文献为文集中的文章

Clark, R. & R. Ivanic 1991. Consciousness raising about the writing process. In C.

James & P. Garrett (eds.).

Dzau, Y.F.1990. Teaching English in Chinese secondary schools. In Y. F. Dzau (ed.)

English in China. Hong Kong: API Press.

James, C. & P. Garrett. 1991. (eds.) Language Awareness in the Classroom. Harlow:

Longman.

Leki, I. 1990. Coaching from the margins: issue in written response. In B. Kroll (ed.)

Second Language Writing: Research Insights for the Classroom. Cambridge: CUP.

Widdowson, H.G. 1973. Directions in the teaching of discourse. In C. J. Brumfit and

K. Johson (eds.) 1979. The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching. Oxford: O.U.P.

2.4 参考文献为其他特殊情况

a. 三个以上作者, 文本中只须提第一作者, 在第一作者加 “et al” (e.g. Loffman et al. 1993). 但在参考文献目录中须列出每一位作者。e.g.:

Loffman, L., L. Kurki-Suonio, S. Pellinen, and J. Lehtonen (eds). 1993. The

Competent International Communicator. Jyvaskyla, Finland: Association Finlandaise de Linguistique Appliquee.

b. 同一位作者在同一年发表、出版的多部著作或文章，根据其在文章中出现的

先后顺

序在出版年后加“a”, “b”, 等。

Mauranen, A. 1993a. Contrastive ESP rhetoric: Metatext in Finnish-English

economics texts. English for Specific Purposes 12/2. Mauranen, A. 1993b. Cultural differences in academic discourse-problems of a

linguistic and cultural minority. In L. Loffman et al (eds.)

c. 集体作者，将集体作者放置在作者的位置。E.g.

Department of Teaching Affairs, Hebei Polytechnic University. 2006.

Credit System. Tangshang: Xinhua Publication House.

d.修改版著作，用修改版时间(不是最新印刷时间)，在书名后标注版次。E.g.

Heaton, J. B. 1988. Writing English Language Tests. New Edition. London:

longman.

Thomley, G. C. 1972. Scientific English Practice. 2nd edition. London: Longman.

e.文学作品。第一次提到时标清作者名和书名（日期可省略）。往后提及是只用书名。E.g.

In The Moon and Sixpence, Maugham portrays a stockbroker who suddenly abandons his conventional life to become an artist. 直接引用时：

Maugham describes Strickland‟s house as „a magic world‟(The Moon and Sixpence, p. 206) 参考文献目录：

Maugham, W.S. 1944. The Moon and Sixpence. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

f. 报纸或杂志中的文章（据重要而定）。可直接用报纸杂志的名称加发表日期。E.g.

在文章中：

„…………………………………………………‟ (Sunday Nation, 28 July 2006)

在参考文献目录中：

Sunday Nation. 28 July 2006. [title of the article].

g. 教科书。在文本中，大写书名的名词、形容词、动词、副词，斜体。标清作者和出版时间。E.g.

The most commonly used textbooks are Advanced Listening Comprehension (He Qixin 1992) and Advanced English (Zhang Hangxi 1995)…

参考文献目录的写法同上“参考文献为著作”条。

h. 未正式出版文献。标注方法同上“参考文献为著作或期刊中的文章”条，在

出版信息处写上„mimeo‟。 E.g.

Newton, A. 2006. Writing for contents. Mimeo. 或：

Newton, A. 2006. Writing for contents. Paper presented at RELC Seminar,

Singapore.

此第二条不写„Mimeo‟. 因未正式出版，著作名不斜体。E. g.

Chen, Shoumei. 2004. A Proposed Teaching Writing Skills‟ Component on a

Teacher‟s Training Course in PR China. Unpublished MEd Thesis. University of Birmingham.

i. 没有日期的参考文献。在写日期处标“undated”. E.g.

Politzer, M. Undated. Student-Centred Teaching Activities. Philadelphia: Center

for Curriculum Development.

j. 没有作者。 标注书名。如果书名太长，在文本中标注时可缩短。E.g.

在文本中：

…………………………………., which is carefully illustrated in Proceedings of Conference (1975).

参考文献目录中，须给出全称。按标题第一个单词，第一个字母在26个字母中的顺序排列于参考文献目录中。E.g.

Proceeding of Conference on the Methodology of Sociolinguistic Surveys. 1975.

Arlinton: Centre for Applied Linguistics.

k. 二手资料，指从其他作者的文献中读到该作者的思想主张、引证。

在文本内： There is no right or wrong solution in designing a speaking test, because „an appropriate („useful‟) outcome is achieved by balancing theessential qualities of validity, reliability, impact, and practicality to meet the requirements of the testing

context.‟ （Bachman and Palmer 1996, cited in Saville and Hargreave 1999)

l. 网络文献，同上书各种请况相同对待，但要写明网址以及下载时间。E.g. Connery, B. & J. Vohs. Group Work and Collaborative Writing. 6 Mar.

2005

中文参考书目

曹湘洪，1997，提高英语语篇连贯能力，《新疆教育学院学报》第2期。

桂诗春、李筱菊、李葳，1988，英语标准化考试试验的回顾与总结，载肖惠云主编：《英语

标准化考试与中学英语教学》。广州：广东教育出版社。

李筱菊，1988， 为运用而教英语，在运用中教英语，通过运用考英语，载肖惠云主编：《英

语标准化考试与中学英语教学》。广州：广东教育出版社。 吕叔湘，1979，《汉语语法分析问题》。北京：商务印书馆。 沈家煊，1994，“语法化” 研究综观，《外语教学与研究》第4期。 杨自俭，李瑞华（编），1990，《英汉对比研究论文集》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。