新标准大学英语4Unit 5 key

Active reading (1)

4 Number the different parts of the passage in the order in which they occur. 1 Refer to recent research to dispel the myth about male gossip.

2 Reveal that men change topic of conversation when women are present. 3 Focus on the difference of content between male and female gossip. 4 Suggest that the myth about male gossip is really a problem of terminology.

5 Present a detailed, technical account of how women gossip.

6 Conclude that the vital difference between male and female gossip lies in the positive response of the audience.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 in a way that is impossible to doubt and easy to see (decidedly) 2 the reason that you do something (motive) 3 main, or most important (principal)

4 with qualities thought to be typical of men (masculine)

5 to criticize something, or to suggest it is not good enough for you (sniff) 6 lively or active (animated)

6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

When Simona Ventura became the host of the Italian TV soccer programme, a lot of people (1) sniffed at the decision. What could a woman do in such a (2) decidedly male-dominated world? They argued. But the (3) motive behind the choice of Simona as the new presenter soon became apparent. Rather than change to fit the programme – there is nothing (4) masculine about her – she created a new, more modern show, the (5) principal aim of which is to entertain the whole family. The old style, lengthy and rather technical analyses of football matches, has been replaced by a lively TV programme, which is (6) animated by guest celebrities, dancers and singers, as well as extracts from the day‘s top matches.

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to make other changes.

1 Cultural and intellectual programmes tend to be broadcast very late in the evening. (Highbrow) 2 At the beginning I was very shy, but I soon got to know everyone and made friends. (initially) 3 The course I enjoyed most when I was studying linguistics was the one on the relationship between

words and meanings. (semantics)

4 To find out more about English as a world language, we need reliable people who are able to give information. (informants)

5 She sent me a bunch of roses when I got the job, and I did the same when she got promoted. (reciprocated)

6 For some men there is still a feeling of embarrassment and unease about taking orders from a female superior. (stigma)

7 After the goal was disallowed, most of the words I could hear were swear words. (expletives)

8 You can‘t speak like that to someone you don‘t know. It‘s a matter of rules of social behaviour. (etiquette)

9 Only after a very careful and time-consuming editing will this book be ready for publication. ( an exhaustive)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. abbabb

Active reading (2)

3 Choose the best summary of the passage.

3 Women constantly have to make choices about dress and appearance, and even the way they sign their names, which lead people to make judgments about them; men do not have to make the same choices.

4 Choose the best answer to the questions. Ccbdbc

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 the place where you work (workplace) 2 to mean something (denote)

3 to make something or someone become gradually less effective, confident, or successful (undermine)

4 to think that something is true because it is likely, although you cannot be certain (presume) 5 a regular and important part or feature of something (staple)

6 involving or consisting of many people, things, or parts (multiple)

7 expressing what you mean using clear and effective language (eloquent) 8 used to describe a word that refers to one person or thing (singular)

9 behaving in a very unfriendly or threatening way towards someone (hostile) 10 to say or write words that someone else has said or written (quote) 11 to give someone responsibility for an important job or activity (entrust)

6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

1 Melanie got to her feet and made a eloquent defence of the rights of women in the workplace. 2 There are a number of words in English, such as people, which although technically in the singular

form, in actual fact denote a plural meaning.

3 The dark suit is a staple of the businessman‘s wardrobe, and I presume it will remain so for a long time.

4 The hostile reception he got at the meeting is likely to undermine all the work that has been done recently to improve relations between staff and management.

5 Jason suffered multiple injuries in the accident, and we didn‘t want to entrust an inexperienced surgeon with the operation.

6 I think that most world leaders in the next century will be women, but don‘t quote me on that.

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to make

other changes.

1 Don‘t forget to put on a bit of lipstick and mascara before you go out. (make-up)

2 The candidate displayed a lack of seriousness which we felt was not appropriate to the position he was applying for. (frivolousness)

3 I need to check my free dates in March before I can confirm whether I shall be able to attend the conference. (availability)

4 He has an attractive smile which people find hard to resist. (alluring) 5 This list of participants needs to be put into alphabetical order. (alphabetized)

6 The first person officially suggested as general secretary had to withdraw due to ill health. (nominee)

7 After the first remarks offering congratulations the atmosphere at the prize-giving ceremony turned sour. (congratulatory)

8 The speaker made a comment which I found unfriendly and which meant the opposite of what he really meant. (sarcastic)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 Is a linguistic problem concerned with (a) words, or (b) figures?

2 If you are disqualified from an event, do the organizers (a) allow you, or (b) refuse to allow you to take part?

3 Is rub likely to mean (a) a problem, or (b) a solution?

4 If you have got myriad job offers, are you likely to be (a) concerned, or (b) optimistic about your future?

5 If you let on about something to someone, do you (a) tell them about it, or (b) keep it a secret? 6 If you duck something which has been thrown at you, does it (a) hit, or (b) miss you? 7 If someone speaks to you in an uppity way, is their manner (a) superior, or (b) humble and polite?

Language in use

say + something / nothing / a lot etc about

1 Rewrite the sentences using say + something / nothing / a lot etc about . 1 The boots she wears give a lot of information about her.

The boots she wears say a lot about her.

2 The way he talks about other people gives an indication of his personality. The way he talks about other people says something about his personality. 3 The way she behaves doesn‘t give any indication of her previous career. The way she behaves says nothing about her previous career.

4 This statement is very revealing about the organization‘s attitude to women. This statement says a lot about the organization‘s attitude to women.

5 This type of task gives some idea about the structure of the final examination. This type of task says something about the structure of the final examination.

on + gerund

2 Rewrite the sentences using on + gerund.

1 When they checked the figures again, they realized there had been a mistake. On checking the figures again, they realized there had been a mistake.

2 When she was asked, she said she would like to be known by her first name. On being asked, she said she would like to be known by her first name. 3 When we investigated more completely, we made an important discovery. On investigating more completely, we made an important discovery. 4 When they heard the news, most people reacted with offers to help. On hearing the news, most people reacted with offers to help.

5 When people are accused of a crime they haven‘t committed, most of them don‘t know how to react.

On being accused of a crime they haven‘t committed, most people don‘t know how to react. anything but

3 Rewrite the sentences using anything but .

1 The organizer of the conference was the opposite of helpful. The organizer of the conference was anything but helpful. 2 The instructions you left were certainly not easy to follow. The instructions you left were anything but easy to follow. 3 I felt extremely unsafe wearing those four-inch-high heels. I felt anything but safe wearing those four-inch-high heels. 4 The weather last week was quite the opposite of warm and sunny.

The weather last week was anything but warm and sunny.

5 I think that attitudes towards women in the company where I work are a long way from being progressive.

I think that attitudes towards women in the company where I work are anything but progressive. other than

4 Rewrite the sentences using other than .

1 The only thing we do when the three of us meet is gossip. When the three of us meet we do nothing other than gossip. 2 Men have no real alternative unless it is to wear a suit.

Men have no real alternative other than to wear a suit.

3 The only thing I wish to add is to say how much I have enjoyed the whole day. I have nothing to add other than to say how much I have enjoyed the whole day. 4 They told her she didn‘t have to do anything except sit quietly and look pretty. They told her she had nothing to do other than to sit quietly and look pretty. 5 The only reason I have for being here is the free lunch. I have no reason to be here other than the free lunch.

Collocations

5 Match the adjectives in Column A with the nouns in Column B. A B bright colours conservative tastes correct tone

popular belief heavy make-up highbrow subject face value

6 Complete the sentences with the collocations in Activity 5.

1 Both of us have rather conservative tastes, so we‘re unlikely to buy modern furniture. 2 I‘m afraid these bonds are worth a lot less than their face value.

3 It‘s not easy to find the correct tone in which to speak to new customers. 4 I like wearing bright colours; I think they reflect my outgoing personality. 5 Yesterday‘s lecture was on such a highbrow subject that I couldn‘t get interested. 6 Why do they put such heavy make-up on people in television studios? 7 The popular belief that men don‘t cry is nonsense. 7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese. （☞ 翻译时注意原文的语气，否则就可能不

准确。第二段是一个长句，翻译时应注意按中文习惯断句。）

女人一填表就会暴露自己的个人经历。现在大多数的申请表会给出四种称谓选择，男人只有一种选择，即―先生‖，他们的选择除了表明他们是男性之外没有其他含义。但女人要从三种称谓中选一个，其中的任何一种都是带标记的。如果勾选―太太‖（Mrs.）或者―小姐‖（Miss）的方框，她不仅暴露了自己的婚姻状况，而且表明她在称谓上很保守，而且在价值观方面可能也很保守。如果选―女士‖（Ms.），说明她拒绝透露自己的婚姻状况（而男人选―先生‖时则没有拒绝透露任何事情，因为他本来就没有被要求透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾选―女士‖的人会被标记为―平权者‖或―叛逆者‖，这就要看评判她的人持什么样的态度和看法了。

我有时填上―博士‖头衔，以避开这几种带标记的称谓选项。这么做又会给自己带来风险，标明自己要么骄傲自大（于是乎招来讥讽的反应，比如―拜托！‖），要么是一个读书读过头的人（那么对方的反应就是祝贺式的惊奇，比如―真行！‖）。

8 Translate the paragraphs into English.

Our presumptions about what ideal husbands or wives are like reveal a lot about our gender expectations as well as our responses to them. If most girls want their fiancés to be tough, capable and reliable, there is no more option left for young men other than to be trained as tough, capable and reliable if they want to win girls‘ heart. If they act to the contrary, they will most probably bemoan their bachelor‘s status for the rest of their lives. Following the same unwritten rule, if most boys expect their fiancées to be caring, patient and faithful more than anything else, girls are prone to let on that they will become faithful wives and loving mothers even if they are not the type.

Looking into such gender expectations, we may find that they are based on both physiological and social factors. It goes without saying that women are physically prepared to bear children, whereas men are utterly unfit for the job. Therefore, a family is better-off when its male members devote their time to providing food and other necessities for it.

Translation of the passages Active reading (1)

英国人说闲话规则的性别差异

与普遍的看法相反，研究人员发现：男人和女人一样爱说闲话。英国的一项研究发现：两个性别的人对诸如人际关系这类的社会话题所花的时间一样多，大约是65%；另一项研究则表明：两性差异很小，男人谈话时有55% 的时间在说闲话，女人说闲话的时间是67%。由于体育和休闲大约占10% 的说话时间，所以很可能是谈论足球的时间导致了这种性别的差异。 男人谈论政治、职业、艺术及文化事务等―重要‖或―高雅‖话题的可能性并不比女人高，除非 女人在场（这就形成了强烈的对比）。女人不在场的时候，男人也说闲话，他们谈论职业和政治等社会问题的时间不会超过5%。男女都在场时，为了引起女人的注意，男人谈论―高雅‖话题的时间会大大增加，达到15% 至20%。

事实上，最近的研究表明，男性和女性说闲话在内容上只存在一个重要的差别：男人会花更多的时间谈论自己。在谈论社会关系的总时间中，男人用了三分之二的时间来谈论自己的关系，而女人谈论自己的时间则只占三分之一。

即便如此，那个关于男人讨论―解决世界上问题‖而女人只是躲在厨房里闲言碎语的神话仍然大行其道，尤其是在男人堆里。在我所调查的人群及面谈中，大多数英国男性刚开始时都声称他们不说闲话，而大多数女性都坦承自己说闲话。在接下来的提问中，我发现两者的差别只在于语义层面而非实践层面：女性通常称为―说闲话‖的活动在男性那里被定义为―信息交流‖。

显然，在英国男性眼里说闲话是一件可耻的事情，这条不成文的规则已经深入人心，因此就算一个人真的在说闲话，他也会把它说成是另一回事。更重要的是，它必须听起来像是在说别的事。在研究中我发现男女说闲话的主要区别在于女人说闲话听起来更像闲言碎语。这涉及到三个主要因素——音调规则、细节规则和反馈规则。 语调规则

我面谈过的英国女人都认为只有某种特别的语调适合于说闲话。说闲话的语调有时很高、语速很快，有时像在舞台上演戏一样轻轻说，但总是活灵活现的。一位妇女这样解释：―闲话总是以语速快、调门高、口气激动的话语开始的：‗哎，你猜猜怎么着？你知道吗？‘或者，‗嗨，听我说，听我说（语速快、急切，像舞台上清晰的低语），你猜我听到了什么？‘‖另一位女士告诉我：―即使实际上并不是那么回事儿，你必须让它听起来像令人吃惊的事或者像丑闻。虽然那根本算不上什么秘密，你可以说：‗哎，你可别告诉别人，我听说……‘‖ 这些妇女中有许多人抱怨男人在说闲话时没有使用正确的语调。像交流任何其他信息一样，他们总是用平缓、冷静的语调说闲话。一位妇女对此嗤之以鼻：―你简直搞不清他们是不是在说闲话。‖但这正是男人要的效果。

细节规则

女人强调说闲话时细节的重要性，她们悲叹男人在这方面的缺陷，声称男人―从不了解细节。‖__一位被调查者告诉我：―男人从不引述别人的话。如果我们不能确切地知道别人说了什么，那有什么意思呢？‖另一位被调查者说：―女人比男人更倾向于推测……她们谈及某某为什么会做某事，并追溯整个事情的历史。‖对女人而言，详细推测动机和原因与详细推测可能的后果一样是闲话的关键因素，它要求对―过去的历史‖进行详尽的梳理。英国男人认为：所有这些细节都很乏味、无关紧要，当然，讲出来也就有伤男子气概。

反馈规则

在英国妇女中存在一种共识：好的―闲话‖除了语调生动、关注细节之外，还要有好的听众。所谓好的听众是指欣赏闲话并给予大量恰当的反馈的听众。女性的闲话反馈规则要求听众至少应该和说话者一样生动活泼、充满热情。她们的道理好像是：这样才足够礼貌，因为说话人要把事情讲得出人意外，讲得像丑闻，还是颇费心力的。因此听众至少要表现出适度的吃惊才能回报说话人的努力。据我的女性被调查者说，英国男人好像完全没有掌握这条规则。他们不知道―你应该说‗不会吧！真的吗？‘及‗噢，我的上帝！‘‖

不过，我的女性被调查者也同意，那些以女性方式做出反应的男人听起来像小女孩，或者被认为女里女气，让人感觉不舒服。我面谈过的一位男同性恋也觉得―不会吧！真的吗？‖这类反应会被认为是十足的―娘娘腔‖。英国闲话礼仪的不成文规则的确允许男人在听到特别有趣的闲话时感到震惊或吃惊，但大家都明白：一句恰到好处的脏话也能表达同样的诧异，这种方式更能被男人接受。