大学英语语法-介词

介词起着广泛的联系词语的作用，能和不同的词语搭配，表示不同的意义。名词、动词、形容词等都与介词形成了许多的固定搭配并有不同的含义，学习时要注意在什么情况下用什么介词，并把这些固定搭配作为整体来记忆和使用。 1．介词与其他词类的搭配 类 别 与形容词的搭配 说 明 有些形容词有固定的介词搭配，并且有时不同的介词搭配形容词有不同的含义或介词后接不同的介词宾语 有些名词后有固定的介词搭配， 例 句 He was exceedingly fond of fishing. 他特别喜欢钓鱼。 Drivers exceeding the speed limit are liable to a fine. 超速行驶的司机易被罚款。 The man is blind of an eye. 那个男人瞎了一只眼。 Jack was blind to his own fault. 杰克没觉察到他自己的过失。 He found a solution to the problem. 他找到了解决问题的方法。 There is no real difference between the two proposals. 这两个提议没有实质上的区别。 You should be on guard against bad company. 你应该提防交错朋友。 To my delight, he passed the examination. 令我高兴的是他通过了考试。 Do you object to my going there? 你反对我去那儿吗? We should concentrate on our test. 我们应专心考试。 与名词的搭配 有些名词前有固定的介词搭配， 与动词的搭配 动词 ＋ 介词 That school puts emphasis on arithmetic and reading. 那动词＋宾语＋介词 所学校强调算术和阅读。 They excluded him from the club. 他们拒绝他加入这个俱乐部。 She broke in on my thoughts. 她打断了我的思绪。 动词＋副词＋介词 Why didn’t you tell me at once, instead of holding out on me? 你为什么不马上告诉我，而要瞒着我？ 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 副词＋ 介词 Please put the coat down to my account. 请把买大衣的钱记在我的帐上。

2．常见的与介词有搭配关系的词 类 别 常见的介词与形容词的介词 about at for from in 与介词搭配的例词 anxious, careful, careless, certain, curious, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sensitive, sure, worried angry, bad, clever, disappointed, good, quick, skillful, useless, weak ambitious, available, enough, fit, grateful, hungry, necessary, noted, ready, sorry, responsible, suitable, useless absent, different, free, remote, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired interested, rich, slow, successful, deficient, expert, quick, successful, weak 搭配 of afraid, aware, capable, careful, careless, conscious, critical, fond, full, independent, jealous, proud, short, sure, suspicious, thoughtful characteristic, critical, envious, , impatient, independent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy dependent, hard, keen, intent acceptable, agreeable, attentive, attributable, blind, comparable, convenient, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, faithful, favorable, grateful, helpful, hostile, indifferent, immune, inferior, liable, preferable, relevant, related, repugnant, responsible, useful, similar, superior, sensitive, suitable, unjust angry, awkward, blue, bored, content, careful, disappointed, familiar, friendly, happy, identical, popular, polite, uneasy generous, difference, distinction, gap, link, relation ambition, award, care, change, consideration, cure, demand, desire, excuse, opportunity, penalty, pity, regret, reputation, request, respect, reward, search, shame, sympathy, talent belief, confidence, curiosity, delight, experience, failure, faith, interest, hesitation, involvement, mistake, progress, result, skill, success capacity, capability, command, dislike, expectation, grasp, guilty, habit, honor, horror, impression, prevention, pride, purpose, view comment, concentration, dependence, effect, emphasis, impact, influence, operation access, answer, appeal, approach, attention, clue, credit, damage, danger, indifference, invitation, limit, preface, proportion, reaction, response shelter from, advantage over, control over/of, contact with, connection with, entrance into on to with 常见的介词与名词的搭配 between for in of on to 常见的介词与动词的搭配 其他 ask for, ask about, attend to, bed for, believe in, beware of, comply 动词 ＋ with, conform to, consist of, deal in, deal with, depend on, dream of, 介词 insist on, persist in, long for, object to, prepare for, refer to, rely on, resort to, succeed in, wait fo 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 介词 make a fool of, put an end to, take delight in, attach importance to, pay attention to, take interest in, catch hold of, catch sight of, have an advantage over, wash one’s hands of, keep an eye on, lay emphasis on, lose sight of, make a fuss over, make a mess of, make fun of, make room for, make use of, play a joke on, , take advantage of, take pride in, take the place of, 五． 常用介词意义及比较

1．表示时间的介词 介词 辨析 例句 1 at, in, at指具体时间，表示某个时间on 点；in用于时间段；on用于短时间段，表示特定的时间 since, from, after since表示 “自从…(到现在)”：与现在完成时连用表示时间的继续，也可与过去完成时连用表示过去终止的情况的起点；from“自……起”，表示起始时间，与to相对；after “自……后” ：表示时间先后的顺序 均可表示情况的终止时间。to“到”：表示终止时间，与from相对；before“在……以前，直到……前”；by“最迟在…之前”。till/until“直到”：与表示持续性动作的动词连用，表示某件事持续到某时为止。 in “再过……时间，花费……时间”；within“在……时间以内” 均可表示时间段。for“历时”：与表示持续性动作的动词连用，表示某事持续发生时间的长短；during表示“在……期间”；through表示“整个……时间，从开始到结束无间断”，throughout语气更强 He arrived at 7 o’clock. 他七点到的。 They are to get married in May.他们五月结婚。 He was born on the 2nd of June. 他六月二日出生。 He has lived in Beijing since 1990. 他1990年以来一直住在北京。 I knew him from a boy. 我从孩提时就认识他了。 They discussed the matter after lunch. 他们午饭后讨论了那个问题。 2 3 to, before, by, till /until How long is it to dinner? 到晚饭时间还多久？ He woke up before 5. 他不到5点就醒了。 You must be there by six. 你必须6点前赶到那里。 We will stay here until tomorrow. 我们将在这里呆到明天。 His train leaves in an hour. 他乘坐的火车一小时后开。 He will be back within an hour. 他过不了一小时就回来。 He has worked in the company for three years. 他在这家公司工作三年了。 It is cold during the winter. 冬天天冷。 The rain lasted through the night. 雨下了一整夜。 The scientist worked in the lab throughout the night. 那个科学家通宵在实验室工作。 4 in, within 5 for, during, through, throughout

2．表示地点和位置的介词（短语） 1 介词 at, in, on 辨析 at表示位于较狭窄的地点；in表示位于较宽广的地点。on意为 “在……上”，表示某物和另一物表面相接触 均意为“自”，表示作为运动开始的地点或物体。out of 与in, into意思相反。away from 表示远离。from表示动作的出发点时，即“自”，与表示终点的to相反。off ：自， 表例句 I will meet you at the station. 我去车站接你。 They live in the suburbs. 他们住在郊区。 He was lying on the floor. 他躺在地板上。 He walked out of the room. 他走出了房间。 He started from Beijing. 他从北京出发。 He went away from home. 他离家出走。 The car hit a truck and ran off the road. 汽车撞上了一辆卡车，冲出路外。 2 out of, away from, from, off 示分离 3 above, over 和below, under above 与below反义，above表示位置高于， below 表示位置低于，均不与另一物接触。over 与under反义，over表示在某物的正上方，under表示“在……正下方”，均不与表面接触。此外。above, over 和below, under 还可以表示地位、阶级的上下 up指从下往上，表示向上的运动，与down的运动相反；down指从上往下，表示向下的运动 between一般指在二者之间，有夹在当中的意思，有时也用于三者或三者以上，强调每两者之间的关系；among指在三者或更多之间，有夹杂的意思 along意为“ 沿着”。across表示动态时作“横过”解，表示位置时作“在……的对面或另一边”解。through表示“贯通”，即“从这边穿到那边”，through还可表示动作所经过的途径“自” 均意为“向…”。to强调运动的目的地，到达点；towards强调运动方向；for则常与start, leave等表示出发意味的动词连用，指出其目的地的方向 in front of“在……前”，单纯表示位置关系; in the front of表示在……前部。before “在……之前”，与behind反义；behind“在……的后面”，表示方向和位置的先后。after“在……之后”：含有顺序、追赶的意思 His room is above ours on the third floor. 他的房间在我们上面的三楼上。 His room is right over ours. 他的房间正在我们楼上。 The desk is below the light. 书桌在灯下方。 The desk is under the light. 书桌在灯下面。 A captain is below a major in rank. 上尉比少 校级别低。 He has only the director over her. 比他职位高的只有主任了。 The car will take us right up the hillside. 小汽车可以把我们一直带到山腰。 Tears ran down her face. 眼泪顺着她的脸流下来。 I have to choose between the two. 我必须在两者中选择。 The teacher sat among the children. 老师坐在孩子们中间。 They walked along the street. 他们顺着街道走。 They walked across the street. 他们走到街对面。 They walked through the forest. 他们穿过树林。 They were walking toward the station. 他们正向车站走去。 They walked to the station. 他们走到车站。 They’re leaving for Paris this morning.他们将于今天早上动身去巴黎。 He walked before me. 他走在我前面。 He stood in front of the building. 他站在大楼前。 The teacher stood in the front of the classroom. 老师站在教室前部。 The dog was chasing after the cat. 狗在追猫。 He stood behind me. 他站在我身后。 4 up, down 5 between, among 6 along, across, through 7 to, toward, for 8 before, in front of, after, behind

3．表示原因和理由的介词（短语） 介词 辨析 例句 1 at, from, of, over, through, with, at指感情或感觉上的原因；from表示原因、动机，也可表示伤亡或事故的原因；of表示情绪上或生病的原因；over表示情绪的原因；through表示间接原因；with指心理上或感情上由外界影响到内心的原因 均为短语介词，表原因。due to，owing to，because of和on account of可作状语和主语补足语；但thanks to只能作状语；thanks to含有“幸亏“之意 I grieved at your misfortune. 我为你的不幸难过。 Death rates from accidents have declined.交通事故的死亡率已经下降。 He died of hunger. 他是饿死的。 We rejoiced over the victory. 我们为胜利而欣喜若狂。 He made the mistake through his inexperience. 他由于缺乏经验犯了错误。 She was trembling with terror. 她吓得浑身发动抖。 His absence from the meeting was due to the snow. 他因大雪缺席了会议。 Owing to his being late, we missed the train. 由于他的迟到，我们误了火车。 I chose it because of its color. 我选它是因为它的颜色。 We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们推迟了出发时间。 We finished our work on time thanks to their help. 幸亏他们的帮助我们按时完成了任务。 2 due to, owing to, because of, on account of, thanks to

4．表示方法、手段或工具 介词 by 辨析 例句 与被动语态连用表示其行为者，This book was written by a woman by还可以表示方法，意为“用，novelist. 这本书是一个女作家写的。 靠，凭” 表示方式和工具 表示间接的方法、手段，常与by换用，意为“经由，由” 表示具体的工具或手段 Please say it in English. 用英语说。 I heard the news through the wireless. 我通过无线电听到了那个消息。 He walked with a pair of walking sticks. 他靠拐杖走路。 in through with

5．表示价格、比率、标准、对比、速度的介词 介词 at by for 辨析 表示价值、价格、比率或速度 例句 The sell goods at fixed prices. 我们按定价售货。 表示度量，单位或标准，意We are paid by the day. 我们按天取酬。 为“以……计，按……计算” 表示总价钱 I bought the overcoat for $150. 我花150元买了这件大衣。

6．表示例外的介词（短语） 介词 辨析 例句 except except for 除了。强调从整体中减去 Everyone is on time except Mary. 除了玛丽以外，大家都按时到了。 除了。强调从整体中除Your essay is good except for a few spelling 去一个细节或一个方面 mistakes. 你的文章很好，只是有几个拼写错误。 Five were abscent besides the Jack. 除了杰克还有5个缺席。 In addition to mathematics, the department also taught physics and chemistry. 除了数学，这个系还教物理和化学。 besides, in 除了……还有 addition to