一、词形变化
1. civilization .n.文明------ adj. civilized文明的，有素养的 2. erupt n.（火山等）爆发------ n. eruption
3. unfortunate adj.不幸的--- n. misfortune不幸fortunate adj. 幸运的---- n. fortune 幸运，财富 4. decorate v. 装饰，装潢----- n.decoration 5. flee----fled----fled 逃跑，迅速离开
6. destroy----destroyed---destroyed 毁坏摧毁 7. wealthy adj. 富有的 ----- n. wealth 财富 8. explode v. 爆炸-----n. explosion 9. complain v.抱怨-----n.complaint
10. declare v. 宣布宣称------ n. declaration
11. educate v. 教育----n. education 教育-----n. educator教育者 12. glory n. 辉煌，光荣荣耀----- adj. glorious
13. aware adj. 意识到的------- n. awareness 意识
14. basis n. (抽象的)基础；基准，原因-----v base 以…作基础-----n. base (具体的基础)，底部 15. corrupt v.使腐化 adj 腐败的 -----n. corruption 16. poison v. 毒害 下毒 n. 毒药 ----- adj. poisonous 二．重点短语
1. take over 夺取；接管；占上风 take up 占据（时间或空间），开始从事 take in 吸收，理解，欺骗，留宿某人 take on 雇佣；承担；呈现；使…上车 2.try one’s fortune 碰运气 seek one’s fortune 寻出路
tell one’s fortune 给某人算命make a fortune发财have the fortune to do 有幸做… 3. in ruins严重受损；破败不堪 fall/come into ruin（=go to ruin）衰落；衰败 the ruins of Rome古罗马的遗址（废墟） be/lie in ruins称为废墟
ruin one’s hope使希望破灭be reduced to ruins沦为废墟 be ruined by被...破坏 4. the remaining 20 yuan= 20 yuan left 剩余的20元钱
remain stuck 仍然被困 remain young/silent保持年轻/安静
remain seated=remain sitting 保持坐着sth remain to be done 某事留待被做 It remains to be seen whether是否…有待被看
Nothing remained after the big fire. 大火之后，一无所剩。
5. complain to sb about/of sth= make a complaint to sb about sth向某人抱怨/投诉… 6.the solution to doing sth …的解决办法the key to doing sth 做某事的关键 the way to do=the way of doing sth=the approach to doing sth做某事的方法 the way of approaching truth靠近真相的方法
7.in memory of 纪念in honour of为庆祝...，为纪念...，为向...表示敬意 in favour of赞同，支持；有利 in celebration of为了...庆祝 in praise of赞杨，歌颂 in search of 寻找 in terms of 在…方面 in charge of负责 in spite of 尽管 in view of 鉴于，考虑到
8.Do you doubt that…? There is no doubt that… I doubt whether/if…. 9.come down with 患（病） come up with想到，提出；拿出，提供 come across 偶遇，偶然发现 come out 开花；出版，发行；结果 when it comes to （doing）sth 当谈到…时 come into sight进入视野
come into existence/being 开始存在 come into power当权；上台；开始执政
come into effect 开始生效
10.make his students aware of their own errors使学生们意识到自己的错误 be aware of =have awareness of sth=be aware that…..意识到
make sb aware of sth 使某人意识到…. be fully aware of sth清楚认识到… raise awareness 提高认识 as far as I’m aware(=as far as I know)据我所知 11.base A on B 把A建立在B的基础之上= A be based on B。A基于B基础上 Friendship based on mutual respect lasts long. 基于相互尊重之上的友谊持久。 Based on mutual respect，their friendship lasts. 基于互相尊重，他们友谊持久。 Basing decisions on emotion rather than reason，you will regret it sooner or later. 12. trial and error反复实验 on trial受审判
13.judge n. 法官，审判员；裁判员 judg(e)ment n.判断，判断力；看法 judging by/from...据...判断 act as a judge当裁判
judge sb./sth. (to be)...断定某人/某物是... judge a book by its cover以貌取人 14.turn out结果是；证明是；生产；人群出来参加活动
it turns out that….结果是… turn to sb for help 向某人求助 turn down调低拒绝 turn up 调高；出现，露面
15.break down机器坏了；身体垮了；情绪失控了；计划失败了；化学分解 break through 突破 break out爆发；突然发生 break up人群解散学校放假；（婚姻，组织）瓦解，分手；破碎
16.sb/sth is believed/reported/said/thought to do/be done/be doing/have done/have been done 据相信/报道/说/认为 将做/将被做/正在做/已经做/已经被做 17. drive sb mad/crazy 使某人发疯
18. rain cats and dogs 下倾盆大雨 a piece of cake小菜一碟 a wet blanket扫兴的人或物 all
ears 洗耳恭听 all thumbs 笨手笨脚 in the dark 茫然，不知道 one’s cup of tea 某人喜爱的东西 pull one’s leg 开某人的玩笑 19.pay attention to doing sth 注意 look forward to doing 希望做 20.declare war against Japan向日本宣战
21.have had enough of=be fed up with=be tired of=be bored with受够了
22.make arrangements for sth 安排 arrange for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事
23. A be similar to B in C A和B在C方面相似 the similarity between A and B A和B之间的相似之处
24. be known as 作为…出名be known for因…而出名 be known to sb为某人所知 25.attend a lecture 出席一个讲座 成为失去的文明 become lost civilizations 26.fail to flee the city未能成功逃离这个城市 27.cut down砍倒，削减 28.result in=cause=bring about=contribute to=lead to导致 result from起因于 29.happen to do/be doing/have done 碰巧将做/正做/已做 30.rise up against 起义，奋起反抗 stand in one’s path阻碍 31.centuries to come=the coming centuries 接下来的几个世纪 32.for free=for nothing免费
33.a common worker 一个普通工人 common sense 常识 common practice 惯例 34.aside from=apart from 除…以外（还有） besides=in addition to…除…还有 except sth 除了…. except when….除....时 35. have a deep influence on 对…有深远的影响
36.look on/think of/view/see/consider sb as….认为…是 37.take sb to court把某人带上法庭
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