第十二讲
第七章英汉否定句式对比 第一节英汉否定词语用法对比
英语：not no never, neither, nor, none, nay, nobody, nothing, nowhere,等；汉语：不，没，无，非，未，否，勿，毋等
1. “not”与“不”的比较 1）相同
都是否定副词，都可以用来否定动词和形容词，在句中作状语. 都不能修饰名词。
例，他今天下午不来。 他这个人不聪明。
He will not come this afternoon. He is not clever. 2）不同
A 在否定谓语是，not 不受时态的限制；但汉语中，对过去发生的事，如果强调“动作性（做不做）”，我们用“不”，如果强调“事变性（有没有这件事）”，我们用“没”。
姐姐怎么不听戏去？ 原来请他的，他有事，没来。 I have not finished yet.
B 汉语中的“不”有时带有情态意义。 你去请他了吗？
去了，但是他不来么！（不愿意）
C 在否定的判断句中，not和“不”的用法相似，都是对“是”加以否定。
He is not an expert. 他不是专家。
英语中可以用no来否定表表语的名词，不过语气要更强一些。
Ralph knows he is no expert.
2. no 与“没”的比较
1）在表“无”或“不存在”的概念时，英语可用no，汉语可用“没”来否定名词。
我没钱。 教室里没学生。 I have no money.
There are no students in the classroom. 英语也可以用not。 I have not any money.
There are n’t any students in the classroom.
2) 汉语中的“没”可否定名词和动词，但不能否定形容词。英语中no通常也只能否定名词，但在比较级中，no可以否定形容词。No 不否定动词。
没勇敢？
He is no taller than I . No open the door.
3) 在简短回答中，英语只能用no，不能用not。但可以说certainly not, of course not.
第二节英汉否定词位置对比
1. 汉语中的否定词通常直接置于被否定词语之前，即根据所表达的意思来确定否定词的位置；英语中的否定词通常放在谓语动词之前。He does not like drinking very much.
他很不喜欢喝酒？他不是很喜欢喝酒？ 很不喜欢怎么说？
He hates\\dislikes drinking very much. 他干这件事不是为了自己。 He did it not for himself. ？ He did not do it for himself.
He did it not for himself but for you.
否定前移原则：汉语否定词都位于被否定的词语前。 He did not win the championship easily. 否定方式状语 Mr. Smith was not born in London. 否定地点状语
The new university has not been in operation long enough to prove its success as a venture. 否定时间状语
I am not paid to carry your words to anyone. 否定目的状语 Elvis did not die with a fortune. 否定伴随状语
Every morning he went out early to fish, but he had made it a rule not to cast his net more than four times a day. 否定频率状语
Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. 否定原因状语The investigation was not held so that veterans could spill out their hearts. 否定目的状语
当英语句中有两个相对称的成分进行选择时，not 可直接置于被否定的词语前。
He wore an overcoat not because it was cold, but because he was ill.
英语中否定词与被否定成分的隔离往往会引起歧义。 He did not come here to talk idle. 他没有来这闲谈。 他来这儿不是为了闲谈。
怎么消除歧义？语音语调（口语）；上下文（书面语）
2. 在否定谓语动词时，汉语中的否定词通常只能位于动词前，而英语中既可以用not，也可以用no。
他没穿衣服。
He did not wear clothes. He wore no clothes. 现场没有发现证据。
The proof was not found on the spot. No proof was found on the spot.
3. 在含有全称词的否定句中，英语和汉语的否定词的位置有所不同。
汉语中的全称词有：所有，每个，都，全等；英语中的全称词有：all，both，every，whole，everybody，everyone，everywhere等。
所有的学生都不懂法语。全否定 不是所有的学生都懂法语。半否定
All the students do not know French. 半否定 Not all the students know French. 半否定 判断：
Every student doesn’t like his speech. Both of the boys are not clever.
英语中的全否定：none, neither, no, nobody, nothing, nowhere.
4. 否定前移英语宾语从句中的否定词可以前移。英语在表意念、推测、臆想的句子中，如谓语为think, believe, suppose, fancy, expect, imagine, reckon, guess等的句子中，宾语从句中的否定词常常移到主句谓语动词前，用来否定谓语，句子意思不变。
I believe that he will not come.---- I don’t believe that he will come.
第三节英汉否定词表达形式对比 1. 英汉语对否定问句的回答对比 He will not come, will he? Yes, he will. No, he won’t. Hasn’t he arrived yet? No, he hasn’t. Yes, he has. 汉语的回答一样吗？
2. 英汉双重否定表达形式对比
1）英语：否定词语+without ；否定词语+含否定词缀的词Fish can not live without water.
He showed no unusual happiness.
汉语：没有（无）……不，非……不可，无不，莫不，等无草不死。 没有一个不兴奋的。 如何翻译？
No grass will not die. ? Nobody is not excited. ?
There is no grass that will not die. There is nobody that is not excited. 也可以用but
There is no grass but will die. There is nobody but is excited.
汉语中的否定的主语+否定的谓语在英语中的表达。 没有例外的规则是没有的。 没有人不知道这一消息。
There is no rule that has no exception. There is no rule but has exception. There is no rule without exception.
There is nobody that does not know this news. There is nobody but knows this news. 2) 英语中“否否得否”结构口语或非正式用语 I don’t believe in no ghosts. We never had no trade unions. You can’t find me nowhere. We are not bothering nobody yet. 3. 英汉否定范围的比较
在某些句型中，英语比汉语否定的范围宽，一个否定词往往能否定两层意思。
We are not politicians, like you.
像你一样，我们也不是政客。？ 跟你不一样，我们不是政客。
1）no more…than 句型中：A is no mo B than X is to Y The greatness of a nation is no more determined by its number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.
正如一个人的伟大不取决于他的身高，一个民族的伟大也不取决于其人口的多少。
2）在not…enough to do 句型中
I did not sit near enough to hear what he said. It is not warm enough to go swimming. 我坐的不够近，没有听到他在讲什么。 天不够热，我们不能去游泳。
4. 表达同一个概念时，英语用否定式，汉语用肯定式。 1) not…until
He did not finish the work until midnight.
It was not until 1936 that basketball became a regular part of the Olympic Games.
2) too…not to do
I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love.
He is too angry not to say it. 3) it is a +adj. +n. that
It is a good horse that never stumbles. It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 4) can not … more
I cannot agree with him more. I can not thank him enough. 5) can not …too
You can not begin your training too early. You can not be too careful with your work.
5. 表达同一个概念时，英语用肯定式,汉语用否定式，或意义相对的词。
1) since +持续性动词
It is a long time since I tried a new language. 我很长时间没学一门新语言了。
I have not received her letter since she lived in Shanghai. 2) too…to
This coat is too small for me to wear. The child is too young to go to school. 3) 在比较级句型中
He drank more wine than good for his health. I know better than to believe him. That is more than I promise. 4) 其它一些结构
I prefer standing to sitting. He’d rather die than surrender. This design is free from any defects. This bridge is anything but safe. This system is far from perfect. This work is beyond my ability.
I will do anything but that. 绝不做那件事。 The lake is free of ice in winter. I am quite in dark about the matter.
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