Translate the following two passages into Chinese.
Passage 1
For more than a decade, archaeologists and historians have been studying the contents of a ninth-century Arab dhow that was discovered in 1998 off Indonesia’s Belitung Island. The sea-cucumber divers who found the wreck had no idea that it eventually would be considered one of the most important maritime discoveries of the late 20th century.
The dhow was carrying a rich cargo — 60,000 ceramic pieces and an array of gold and silver works — and its discovery has confirmed how significant trade was along a maritime silk road between Tang Dynasty China and Abbasid Iraq. It has also revealed how China was mass-producing trade goods even then and customizing them to suit the tastes of clients invest Asia.
“Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon winds” at the new, lotus-shaped Art Science Museum designed by Moshe Safdie presents items from the Belitung wreck. Curated by the Asian Civilizations Museum here in Singapore and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, the show is expected to travel to museums around the world over the next five to six years.
“This exhibition tells us a story about an extraordinary moment in globalization,” said Julian Raby, Director of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. “It brings to life the tale of Sinbad sailing to China to make his fortune. It shows us that the world in the ninth century was not as fragmented as we assumed. There were two great export powers: the Tang in the East and the Abbasid in Baghdad.”
Until the Bcliumg find, historians had thought that Tang China traded primarily through the land routes of Central Asia, mainly on the Silk Road. Ancient records told of Persian fleets sailing the Southeast Asian seas, but no wrecks had been found, until the Belitung dhow. Its cargo confirmed that a huge volume of trade was taking place along a maritime route, said Heidi Tan, a curator at the Asian Civilizations Museum and a curator of the exhibition.
Mr. Raby said, “The size of the find gives us a sense of two things: a sense of China as a country already producing things on an industrialized scale and also a China that is no longer producing ceramics to bury.” He was referring to the production of burial pottery like camels and horses, which was banned in the late eighth century. “Instead, kilns looked for other markets and they started producing tableware and they built an export market.”
Passage 2
Madeira is more than 500 kilometers from the African coast and is officially one of the “outermost regions” of the European Union. Despite that far-flung status, Madeira catapulted into the center of the Union’s agricultural and environmental
affairs last year when Portugal asked the European Commission for permission to impose an unprecedented ban on growing biotech crops there.
Last week, the Commission quietly let the deadline pass for opposing Portugal's request, allowing Madeira, which is one of Portugal autonomous regions, to become the first EU territory to get formal permission from Brussels to remain entirely free of genetically modified organisms. Madeira will probably go ahead and implement the ban, a spokeswoman for the Portuguese government said Friday.
Individual European countries and regions have banned certain genetically modified crops before. Many consumers and farmers in countries like Austria, France and Italy regard the crops as potentially dangerous and likely to contaminate organically produced food. But the case of Madeira represents a significant landmark, because it is the first time the Commission, which runs the day-to-day affairs of the European Union, has permitted a country to impose such a sweeping and definitive rejection of the technology.
The Madeirans' main concerns focused on preserving the archipelago’s biodiversity and its forest of subtropical laurel trees. Such forests were once widespread on the European mainland, but were wiped out thousands of years ago during an earlier period of climate change. That has left Madeira with “much the largest extent of laurel forest surviving in the world, with a unique suite of plants and animals,” according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which named the Madeiran laurel forest a World Heritage Site in 1999. The forest is also a growing attraction for tourists, who make up a significant portion of Madeirans earnings.
In seeking to ban biotechnology on Madeira, the Portuguese government told Commission that it would be impossible to separate crops containing genetically engineered material from other plant life. The “risk to nature presented by the deliberate release of GMOs is so dangerous and poses such a threat to the environmental and ecological health of Madeira that it is not worthwhile risking their use, either directly in the agricultural sector or even on an experimental basis,” the Portuguese told the Commission.
Section 2 Chinese-English Translation (50 points)
Translate the following two passages into English.
Passage 1
稀土为不可再生的战略资源，在新能源、新材料、节能环保、航空航天及电子信息等领域的应用日益广泛。
中国的稀土储量全球第一。稀土的战略经济地位对于中国的重要性，相当于石油之于中东。2011年中国稀土储量为3600万吨，占全球储量的36%，但是产量却高达12万吨，占
当年全球产量的97%。
由于稀土开采的高污染性和资源稀缺性，一些发达国家甚至关闭本国的稀土矿井，直接从我国进口稀土。而我国，因生产管理混乱、乱开滥采等问题，稀土的大规模开采并没有获得应有的收益，相反还带来了极大的环境破坏和资源浪费。在一些非法开采地区，稀土资源开釆回收率仅达20%左右。
我国稀土为全球做出了巨大贡献，同时我们也付出了沉重代价。为了保护资源和环境，我国目前大力整治稀土行业并实行限制稀土出口的政策是十分必要的。
Passage 2
中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，总体上解决了有法可依的问题。在这种情况下，有法必依、执法必严、违法必究的问题就显得更突出、更紧迫，这也是广大人群众和社会各方面普遍关注的问题。因此，我们要釆取以下措施切实保障宪法和法律的有效实施。
一要维护宪法和法律的权烕和尊严。一切国家机关、武装力量、各政党、各社会团体以及各企事业单位都必须遵守宪法和法律，任何组织或个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。
二要坚持依法行政和公正司法。国家行政机关要严格按照法定权限和程序办事，加快建设法治政府。国家审判、检察机关要依法独立公正行使审判权、检察权，维护社会公平正义。
三要增强社会的法律意识和法治观念。各级领导干部和国家机关工作人员要带头遵守宪法和法律，善于运用法律解决现实生活中的实际问题。广大人民群众要懂得依法按照程序表达利益诉求、解决矛盾纠纷，用法律武器维护护自身的合法权益。
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