P97
Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts(账，账户);
银行通常不愿意付出所有帐户
they rely on depositors(储户)not to demand payment all at the same time．
他们依靠存款人不要求支付所有在同一时间.
If depositors should come to fear that a bank is not safe that it cannot pay off all its depositors,
当储户担心银行无法还清所有储户的存款时候,银行是不安全的,
then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day
这种担心可能会导致所有储户在同一天出现在.
If they did, the bank could not pay all accounts
如果储户真的这样做了,那么银行不可能支付所有的帐户.
However, if they did not all appear at once,
然而,只要他们不出现一次这种情况,
then there would always be enough money to pay those who wanted their money when they wanted it．
那么当他们想要他们钱的时候，银行就会一直有足够的钱来支付。
Mrs．Elsie Vaught has told us of a terrifying bank run that she experienced．
埃尔西沃特太太告诉我们一个可怕的银行挤兑,
“银行挤兑”，是指大量的银行客户因为金融危机的恐慌或者相关影响同时到银行提取现金，而银行的存款准备金不足以支付而出现的情况。
One day in December of 1925 several banks failed to open in a city where Mrs．Vaught lived．
在1925年十二月的一天.沃特太太住的地方多家银行没有营业.
The other banks expected a run the next day,
其他银行预计第二天营业,
and so the officers of the bank in which Mrs Vaught worked as a teller had enough money on hand to pay off their depositors．
沃特太太工作地方的工作人员，有足够的资金来支付他们的存款
The officers simply told the tellers to pay on demand．
工作人员只是简单地告诉出纳员按需付款.
The next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside．
第二天早晨,一群人拥挤在银行外面的人行道上.
The length of the line made many think that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone．
排队的长度让许多人怀疑银行到底有没有钱还给所有的人.
People began to push and then to fight for places near the tellers' windows．
人们开始推搡到靠近出纳员的窗口的位置
The power of the panic atmosphere was such that two tellers,
恐怖的恐慌气氛是这样的两人,
though they knew that the bank was quite all right and could pay all depositorsdrew their own money from the bank．
虽然他们知道银行是很正常。可以从银行里取出自己的钱取出自己全部存款,.
Mrs Vaught says that she had difficulty keeping herself from doing the same
沃特太太说,她很难做相同的事情
P138
A well-documented body of information exists showing that noise can affect human in both physiological and psychological ways.
身体特征充分表明噪声可以在生理和心理方面对人类产生影响人。
Hearing losses in particular occupations such as boiler-making and construction work are well known.
大家都知道一些特定职业工作会对听力造成损伤，尤其是在锅炉制造和建筑工地等
In fact, however, we all find hearing more difficult as we age.
但是事实上,我们都知道随着年龄的增长，听力会越来越差。
Young ears can distinguish a wide range of sounds from low to very high frequencies, while older ears lose the ability to distinguish high-pitched sounds.
年轻的时候，耳朵可以区分各种频率从低到高，范围很广的声音, 到年老的时候却失去区分高频声音的能力。
A comparison of some industrialized versus non-industrialized people suggests that this hearing loss may not be the must-be result of old age.
通过比较工业化与非工业化人群，表明听力损伤可能不是由年老导致的。
Furthermore, a closer examination of other data reveals economic effects.
此外,对其他数据更仔细观察揭示了经济效应。
For instance, airports are currently operating at less capacity because of noise regulations which restrict their hours of operation.
例如,机场目前执行的力度很低,因为噪音法规限制他们的工作时间。
Job performance can be seriously affected by loud noise, especially if accuracy and mental effort are involved.
噪音严重影响工作表现,特别是对人的准确性和脑力。
The use of outdoor areas for conversation is not possible for an estimated 5 to 10 million people who live or work in urban areas.
对于有500万 到1000万人居住和工作的城市地区来说在户外领域对话是不可能。
When interference with television or speech or sleep is included,
当通过电视、演讲或睡眠中受到干扰？？
as many as 22 to 44 million people can be said to have lost part of the use of their homes and grounds because of noise.
因为噪音，多达2200- 4400万人可以说已经失去了家园和庭院的一部分。？？
Thus noise pollution is a serious environmental concern. Much more effort should be made to warn people of the grave effects which may stem from an excessively noisy environment
因此,噪声污染是一个严重的环境问题。更应该加倍提醒人们太嘈杂的环境带来的严重影响。
P137
Economics (经济学) is the study of how societies社会 with limited resources资源 decide what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. What, how, and for whom to produce are problems all over the world because human needs are practically unlimited, but all societies have only limited quantities of resources that can be used to produce goods or services.
经济学是一门研究人类行为及如何将有限或者稀缺资源进行合理配置的社会科学，
人类的欲望和需求是无限的,世界提供给我们的资源是有限的，生产什么，如何生产 和 为谁生产 是人类社会所必须解决的基本问题
A knowledge of basic economics is important for understanding both the problems and opportunities机会 that will face the world economy in the 21st century.
在将面临世界经济的21世纪，基本的经济学知识对于理解问题和机遇很重要,
As a student of economics, one will have the chance to discover how commerce(商业), government policies, and day-to-day decisions made by consumers affect his living standards.
作为一个经济学的学生,将有机会发现商业、政府决策、日常消费者决定是如何影响他的生活水平。The study of economics can help him understand the influence of such events as the move to free markets in Poland and Russia, or of ups and downs in interest rate and the foreign exchange rate.
经济学的研究可以帮助他理解在波兰和俄罗斯，利率和汇率波动等事件的影响是如何转向自由市场的
Economics is influenced by developments in the many different areas of business, politics, science, nature, religion and history. And whether or not one is aware of it, economics is an important part of his life.
经济学会受到许多例如：商业、政治、科学、自然、宗教和历史等不同领域的发展影响。不管他是否意识到,经济学都是他人生的一个重要组成部分。
From a practical point of view, one's study of economics will help improve his decision-making skills.
从实用的角度来看,对经济学的研究将有助于提高自己的决策能力。
He learns a logical way to compare different courses of action.
他学习一种逻辑方法去比较不同课程的行为。？？
As he studies the concept (概念) of opportunity cost, for instance, he will discover that every choice he makes has both a benefit and a cost. Suppose someone decides to get a part-time job so he can earn enough money to buy a car.
当他研究这个机会成本的概念,例如,他会发现每一个选择都会带来好处和需要付出的成本。假如有人决定找一份兼职工作,这样他可以挣足够的钱买一辆汽车。
He will have the benefit of owning the car, but he will pay a cost in terms of the leisure hours he gives up for working so as to pay for the car and keep it in good condition.
他在享受汽车带来的好处的同时,也使他放弃工作和休息时间去支付汽车保养的成本。
After weighing his choice in cost-benefit terms, he may decide he does not need a car any more
在成本效益两方面进行充分考虑之后,他可能决定他不需要一辆车。
P124
Man finds living together with his own species(物种)difficult enough and living together with other species almost impossible.
人们发现和自己相同的物种生活在一起都足够困难,与其他物种生活在一起几乎是不可能。
Our usual solution is to kill off anything that get in our way.
我们通常的解决方案是将任何妨碍我们的都杀死。
Even on those rare occasions when we do enter into a relationship with another species, it is heavily biased(带有倾向)in our favor.
即使在那些罕见的情况下，我们与另一个物种建立了关系时，它严重的倾向于我们。
The other species benefits only when it suits our own interests.
只有当它符合我们利益的时候才能体现出其他物种的好处。
Our attempts to communicate with another species are concerned mainly with giving orders in our own language and having them obeyed Probably our best attempt has been the whistle language that is used in the shepherd-sheepdog
relationship.
我们试图与另一个物种沟通，主要还是用我们自己语言去命令它们，让他们服从，我们最好的尝试可能是在牧羊人——牧羊犬关系中使用的口哨语言。这种语言是单方面的
This is a system that is natural to neither species, but one that both can understand. Its only fault lies in fact that the bias is still there--the dog cannot whistle for the man.
这对物种来说，一个自然的系统应该是两者都可以理解。它唯一的缺点在于单方面的倾向仍然存在 - 狗不能为人口哨。
But now comes news of a piece of research that promises, for the first time, to open up two-way communication between man and another species.
但现在有研究的消息表明，首次打开了人与另一个物种的双向沟通。
At the University of Nevada in the western United States, animated(活跃的)conversations are being held with a young female chimpanzee (黑猩猩)called Washoe. Allen and Beatrice Gardener have succeeded in doing this because they have used an entirely new approach, an approach based on the natural abilities of the chimpanzee. Past attempts to communicate with chimpanzees have failed because the researchers tried to make their animals use a vocal language.
美国西部的内华达大学,一个称为华秀（第一只会用手语的黑猩猩）年轻雌性黑猩猩有
了活跃的对话。之所以艾伦和比阿特丽斯园丁已经成功地这样做,因为他们使用的全新方法是以黑猩猩的天生能力为基础，过去交流失败的原因就是因为研究人员试图通过有声语言和动物交流
P123
When it comes to leisure activities,Americans t quite the fun seekers they’ve been supposed to be.
aren’
一谈到休闲活动,美国人承认它们不是相当有趣的人。
For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yard working, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.
五分之一的人，周末和假期被诸如清洁房屋、清洁院子和烹饪之类的琐事所占用
只有三分之一的人享受着沐浴阳光、露营、运动或放松的奢侈。
These are among the conclusions reached by a recent study in which more than 1,120 employed Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they want to do‖ rather than those they ―have to‖.
―
这些都是最近一项研究得出的结论，在这项研究中，有超过1,120名工作的美国人被
问及他们如何支配没有工作的日子。根据民意调查，老年人，富人和受过良好教育的人更愿意在业余时间做他们“愿意做”的事情，而不是那些他们“必须做”的事情。
Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes – they reported watching less television and were more likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).
总的来说，高薪水的受访者比收入较低的受访者更积极 - 报告中显示 他们看到更少的电视，更有可能从事社会、文化活动。此外，那些拥有大学学位的人运动时间大约是那些没有高中教育的人的两倍（42％，而不是23％）。
On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home. People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation – and the least likely to attach any importance to it.
在度假主题上，研究发现，大学毕业生比只有高中学历的人更有可能制定假期计划（80％对60％）。在计划休假的人中，46％计划进行观光假期（美国为34％，国外为12％），34％的人预计会拜访朋友或亲戚，22％的人前往海滩或湖泊，12人％想在家放松。调查
结束时，离婚，丧偶或离婚的人是任何一个团体度假的最不可能的，而且最不可能重视它。
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